Dapivirine vaginal ring versus placebo ring for HIV prevention in women

In this section: Registration and administrative information (PROSPERO field set)

Registration and administrative information (PROSPERO field set)

Table 1. Registration and administrative information (PROSPERO field set)
Review title	Dapivirine vaginal ring versus placebo ring for HIV prevention in women
Review question (PICO)	Does a dapivirine vaginal ring reduce HIV-1 seroconversion compared with a placebo vaginal ring in women?
Population	Not shown — no prospectively-frozen v1.0 protocol describes this review, so an independent criterion is withheld rather than invented. State: NO_PROTOCOL.
Intervention	Not shown — no prospectively-frozen v1.0 protocol describes this review, so an independent criterion is withheld rather than invented. State: NO_PROTOCOL.
Comparator	Not shown — no prospectively-frozen v1.0 protocol describes this review, so an independent criterion is withheld rather than invented. State: NO_PROTOCOL.
Background / rationale	Not recorded — this object holds no background field, and an introduction generated without one would be argument that no source in this review supports
Information sources	2 source layers, listed on the Extraction tab
Search strategy	The executed strings, datetimes, filters and hit counts are on the Search tab
Study selection process	Not recorded — this object holds no screening record, so the selection process cannot be described
Number of screeners	Not recorded — this object records no screener count
Data extraction items	Extracted per trial on this object: registry id; arms. Fields not listed here were not extracted.
Outcomes and prioritisation	HIV-1 seroconversion
Risk of bias method	RoB 2, per result, five domains — see the risk-of-bias table below
Synthesis methods	Pooled under random-effects with the REML estimator. Whether they were prespecified is not recorded on this object.
Subgroup analyses	Not recorded — this object records no subgroup-analysis field at all, so whether any were prespecified is UNKNOWN -- which is not the same as none having been
Meta-bias assessment	Not recorded — no funnel, Egger or Peters value is held on this object, so no meta-bias assessment is claimed
Certainty assessment	GRADE, recorded for 1 outcome(s) (GRADE, following the Cochrane Handbook chapter 14. Randomised evidence starts HIGH and is rated down with reasons.). The ratings are on the Certainty tab.
Funding	Not recorded — no funding statement is recorded for this review
Competing interests	Not recorded — no declaration is recorded
Built	2026-08-18
Schema	2

In this section: Search — executed, source by source · Search record: search_executed_2026_08_30 · Coverage · What this search cannot reach

Search — executed, source by source

Search record: search_executed_2026_08_30

search_date — 2026-08-30

executed_utc — 2026-08-30T13:06:45.936063+00:00

scope_rule — FREE SOURCES ONLY. No subscription database is used in the method, because a search the reader cannot reproduce is not verifiable by the reader it is for. Embase is used once, separately, as a calibration ruler and never as a source.

Concept block, as executed: dapivirine; dapavirine; TMC 120; TMC-120; TMC120; R 147681; R-147681; R147681

dapivirine and its development codes are specific to one compound, so an AND-block for HIV, vaginal rings or study design can only REMOVE records. On a set this size precision is not the binding constraint and the whole set is screened instead.

TMC 120 and R 147681 are the MeSH entry terms, verified against the NLM browser on 2026-08-30 rather than recalled. The phase 1/2 and IPM programme literature uses the development codes rather than the INN, so a query without them silently loses that end of the record.

Sources searched — reported against retrieved. A source whose reported count exceeds what was retrieved is TRUNCATED and says so.
Source	Status	Reported	Retrieved	Note
PubMed (NCBI E-utilities)	OK	374	374
Europe PMC	TRUNCATED	1443	1000	The page cap. The remaining 443 were NOT fetched and are NOT recorded as absent. Paging is required before any Europe PMC figure enters a denominator.
ClinicalTrials.gov API v2	OK	—	63	Union of an intervention query and a free-text query, because a drug can be an intervention on one record and only a summary mention on another; either alone loses trials.
ISRCTN (/api/query, the robots-permitted path)	OK	1	1
EU-CTR	EMPTY	—	—	browser-verified 2026-08-30
DRKS	EMPTY	—	—	browser-verified 2026-08-30

Coverage

Recall 2 of 2 — 0 search miss(es).

63 ClinicalTrials.gov registrations + 1 ISRCTN registration + 1443 deduplicated bibliographic records, EACH SCREENED WITH A RECORDED PER-RECORD DECISION.

Of the trials this search identifies as eligible for this question, this review holds both, and a second independent limb -- 1,443 bibliographic records -- surfaced no third.

⭐ THE NUMBER DID NOT MOVE. The denominator did. The earlier figure rested on the 63 registrations alone and did not say so, so it measured the registry limb against itself; this one rests on the registry set AND the bibliographic set, and the two candidate misses the bibliographic screen threw up (NCT02404038, NCT01796613) were each resolved by reading the registration and excluded on the intervention. An unchanged numerator on a corrected denominator is the honest outcome and it is not a smaller result than a changed one.

That no eligible trial exists. 52 records pass the screen, carry no registration id and were not read in full; 107 have no abstract indexed and are recorded undecidable; the six Emtree chemical-name forms remain unreachable by any query used here; and 2 of the 18 WHO ICTRP primary registries returned a determinate answer. Recall is measured against what was retrieved, which is not the world.

What this search cannot reach

Six chemical-name forms. Ovid showed Emtree expanding `dapivirine` to variants such as 4-[[4-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amino]pyrimidin-2-yl]amino]benzonitrile. A record indexed ONLY under such a form is invisible to every query used here. This is the one named mechanism by which a free-source search could miss a trial.

Europe PMC truncated at 1,000 of 1,443 reported records.

Non-US registries: 2 of the 18 WHO ICTRP primary registries returned a determinate answer by script, plus DRKS verified in a browser. CRiS refuses by robots.txt; jRCT forbids automated download in its page text; ten have no free query endpoint established. THIS REVIEW DOES NOT CLAIM TO HAVE SEARCHED ICTRP.

Guideline bodies are NOT enumerated. GIN's member directory sits behind a member login and cannot serve as a free denominator. Not claimed.

⚠️ THIS BLOCK CONCERNS THE SEARCH ONLY. It says nothing about the completeness of the risk-of-bias assessment, which is recorded separately and is NOT complete. A complete search and a complete appraisal are different claims and this review makes only the first.

Reproduce with: scripts/systematic_search_dapivirine.py, scripts/registry_search.py

In this section: Bibliographic screen — every record, with its reason · Sources, reported against retrieved · Every screened record, by decision · Candidate search misses — every one named and resolved · The screen was shown to be able to fail · What is still open · Registry screen — every candidate, with its decision · Screening ledger — every record, in this file

Bibliographic screen — every record, with its reason

A PER-RECORD title-and-abstract screen of the BIBLIOGRAPHIC half of the executed search: one ledger row for every deduplicated record, carrying the decision, the rule id that decided it, and the FIELD the rule read. Cochrane publishes a handful of near-miss exclusions with reasons. This publishes the screened set, so a reader with no subscription can pull any record and check the exclusion.

⛔ THE OBJECT'S OWN COVERAGE FRACTION WAS REGISTRY-INTERNAL AND DID NOT SAY SO. `screen.candidates_screened: 63` is the ClinicalTrials.gov set; the search had also retrieved 374 PubMed and 1,000 Europe PMC records, and none of them entered a screen. `recall: "2 of 2", search_misses: 0` therefore measured the registry limb against itself. Found by reading the object's own numbers against its own sources table -- no external reviewer raised it, which is the only reason it is worth recording as a finding rather than as a fix.

Sources, reported against retrieved

Table 2. Sources, reported against retrieved
Source	Status	Reported	Retrieved
pubmed	OK	374	372
europepmc	OK	1443	1443

OK -- 1,443 of 1,443, fetched in 3 pages with cursorMark.

Every screened record, by decision

DEDUPLICATED BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS returned by the two free bibliographic sources for the concept block, on 2026-08-30. It is NOT the literature. It is NOT the 63 registrations, which are screened separately. Every PubMed record was also in Europe PMC, so 372 + 1,443 = 1,815 collapses to 1,443 and ADDING the two source counts would have double-counted the corpus.

Table 3. Every screened record, by decision
Decision	Records	Share
`EXCLUDE`	1238 of 1443	85.8%
`UNDECIDABLE`	107 of 1443	7.4%
`PASS_NO_ID`	61 of 1443	4.2%
`PASS_ALREADY_RETRIEVED`	22 of 1443	1.5%
`PASS_INCLUDED_TRIAL`	13 of 1443	0.9%
`PASS_OUTSIDE_REGISTRY_SET`	2 of 1443	0.1%
total	1443 of 1443	100.0%

Full ledger, one row per record with the rule that decided it and the field the rule read: evidence/2026-08-30-dapivirine-ahead/BIBLIOGRAPHIC_SCREEN.json -- 1443 rows, one per screened record

Candidate search misses — every one named and resolved

A record that passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration the ClinicalTrials.gov search did NOT retrieve. A record naming one of the 63 retrieved registrations is not evidence of anything -- the registry search found it -- and the FIRST VERSION OF THIS RULE COMPARED AGAINST THE 2 INCLUDED TRIALS INSTEAD OF THE 63 RETRIEVED ONES, which would have reported 18 companion papers as misses. The comparison set is the whole rule.

Table 4. Candidate search misses — every one named and resolved
Registration	What it is	Verdict
`NCT02404038` PMID 37919697 (BMC Public Health 2023)	UChoose. A randomised, open-label trial of CONTRACEPTIVE options -- Nur-Isterate injectable, NuvaRing, Triphasil oral -- in 131 South African females aged 16-17, as a PROXY for HIV prevention methods. Primary outcome: a 13-item contraceptive satisfaction/acceptability score at 32 weeks.	EXCLUDE -- INTERVENTION No arm contains dapivirine. The registry search was right not to return it; the bibliographic record mentions dapivirine in its discussion, which is why the screen surfaced it.
`NCT01796613` PMID 25880636 (BMC Public Health 2015)	Ring-Plus / ITMC0313. A randomised open-label trial of two NuvaRing (etonogestrel/ethinylestradiol) regimens -- intermittent against continuous -- in 120 women aged 18-35. Primary outcome: vaginal bacterial counts at 5 months.	EXCLUDE -- INTERVENTION A contraceptive vaginal ring, not a dapivirine ring. Same mechanism as above.

⭐ ZERO CONFIRMED SEARCH MISSES, and the zero is worth something because the check produced two candidates and each was resolved by reading its registration rather than by asserting that none existed.

The screen was shown to be able to fail

Two synthetic records put through the same rules before the real screen runs: one that must be flagged as a candidate search miss, one that must be excluded.

planted miss scored PASS_OUTSIDE_REGISTRY_SET / R5c · planted editorial scored EXCLUDE / R2 · The two probes are discarded after scoring. They are not in `ledger` and not in `records_screened`. A control that enters the counted population has stopped being a control.

What is still open

PASS_NO_ID — 61 of 1443 Records that pass the screen but name no registration id, so they cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone.

8 of the 61 name a known dapivirine-programme trial in the title (ASPIRE, MTN-020/025/023/030/034/042, IPM 027, HOPE, DREAM, REACH, DELIVER). EXACTLY ONE carries an HIV-incidence or seroconversion outcome signal: PMID 33206462, "Greater dapivirine release from the dapivirine vaginal ring is correlated with lower risk of HIV-1 acquisition", which is a SECONDARY ANALYSIS of the trials already held, not a further trial.

The other 52 pass the screen, carry no registration id and carry no HIV-incidence outcome signal in the title. They are companion, pharmacokinetic, adherence and acceptability reports. NONE WAS READ IN FULL. If one of them is the primary report of an unregistered placebo-controlled efficacy trial, this screen would not have found it -- that is the named residual risk and it is not claimed away.

UNDECIDABLE — 107 of 1443 Records with NO ABSTRACT INDEXED whose title alone cannot decide them. Recorded as undecidable and named in the ledger rather than swept into an exclusion bucket: "we could not decide" and "we decided against" are different facts and only one of them is true.

Editorials, conference highlights, commentaries and news items -- the classes that carry no abstract. The class is named; each record is in the ledger.

⚠️ THE SCREEN IS A SET OF REGULAR EXPRESSIONS AND ITS ERROR RATE IS NOT MEASURED. Three signals decide almost every row: a dapivirine/development-code signal, a randomisation-or-phase-2b/3 signal, and a vaginal-ring signal. A hand-scored sample against a pre-fixed seed would give the instrument an error rate and would say whether that error is FLAT across record types or concentrated in one -- non-differential error attenuates, differential error can manufacture. NEITHER HAS BEEN DONE. Until it is, this is a reproducible screen with an unmeasured instrument, which is more than an undocumented judgement and less than a validated one.

Registry screen — every candidate, with its decision

One row per registration the registry search returned. A count by reason cannot be checked; a named decision can.

Table 5. Registry screen — every candidate, with its decision
Registration	Title	Decision	Reason
NCT00303576	A Safety and Tolerability Study of Dapivirine (TMC120) Vaginal Microbicide Gel	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00304642	A Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Dapivirine (TMC120) Vaginal Microbicide Gel	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00304668	A Safety Study of Dapivirine (TMC120) Vaginal Microbicide Gel in South Africa	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00309205	A Safety Study of Dapivirine (TMC120) Vaginal Microbicide Gel in Belgium	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00332995	Safety and Feasibility Study of Dapivirine (TMC120) Vaginal Ring in Belgium	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Safety and tolerability of seven-day use of a vaginal ring containing dapivirine (TMC120). Assess dapivirine (', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT00469768	A Pharmacokinetic Study of Dapivirine Vaginal Rings in Belgium	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'not recorded', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT00613249	A Phase I Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Two Dapivirine Intravaginal Gels	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00700284	Feasibility Study of a Vaginal Ring for Delivery of TMC120 (Dapivirine)	EXCLUDE — design	Allocation is recorded as NON_RANDOMIZED. An absent allocation field is not evidence of randomisation.
NCT00799058	A Safety Study of Two Dapivirine (TMC120) Vaginal Gels in the United States	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00917891	An Expanded Safety Study of Dapivirine Gel 4759 in Africa	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT00917904	An Expanded Safety Study of Dapivirine Gel 4789 in Africa	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT01071174	A Safety Study of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Africa	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Safety as determined by the proportion of women in each arm experiencing protocol-specified events, including ', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT01144676	A Safety Study to Assess the Delivery of Dapivirine From a Matrix Vaginal Ring	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Safety: To assess the safety of the dapivirine vaginal ring, the endpoint was the proportion of women in four ', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT01242579	A Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study for Dapivirine and Maraviroc Gel in Belgium	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT01277640	Male Tolerance Study of Dapivirine Gel Following Multiple Topical Penile Exposures	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT01337570	A Safety and Efficacy Trial of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Africa	EXCLUDE — no participants	WITHDRAWN with enrolment 0 (ACTUAL). Eligible by design, no participants and no data, so it cannot contribute.
NCT01337583	A Safety and Efficacy Trial of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Africa	EXCLUDE — no participants	WITHDRAWN with enrolment 0 (ACTUAL). Eligible by design, no participants and no data, so it cannot contribute.
NCT01363037	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Dapivirine/Maraviroc Vaginal Ring	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Safety: To assess and compare safety of VRs containing 25 mg dpv, or 100 mg mrv, or 25 mg dpv + 100 mg mrv, th', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT01530399	Phase II Study to Compare MDCO-2010 vs Placebo and Tranexamic Acid in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT01539226	Safety and Efficacy Trial of a Dapivirine Vaginal Matrix Ring in Healthy HIV-Negative Women	INCLUDE	Randomised, dapivirine vaginal ring against a placebo ring, HIV-1 seroconversion as the registered primary.
NCT01548560	Assessing the Safety of Dapivirine Gel and Film Formulations	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT01617096	Phase 3 Safety and Effectiveness Trial of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for Prevention of HIV-1 in Women	INCLUDE	Randomised, dapivirine vaginal ring against a placebo ring, HIV-1 seroconversion as the registered primary.
NCT01618058	Observational Study of HIV Infection in Participants of Seroconvert During Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Trials	EXCLUDE — design	Study type is OBSERVATIONAL, not INTERVENTIONAL.
NCT01731574	DDI Potential: Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Miconazole Nitrate	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Dapivirine Area under the concentration time curve (AUC)', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT01755741	Functionality of Male Condoms With a Silicone Elastomer Vaginal RIng	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT01897896	Alternatives for Reducing Chorea in Huntington Disease	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT01924091	PK/PD of Single Dose Dapivirine Vaginal Film	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT01952561	Expanded Use PK of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'dapivirine pharmacokinetics in plasma', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT02010593	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Post-menopausal Women	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Safety of Dapivirine (25 mg) Administered in a Silicone Elastomer Vaginal Matrix Ring in HIV-uninfected Postme', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT02028338	Study of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring (VR) in Adolescents	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'The Safety of Dapivirine (25 mg) Administered Via a Silicone Vaginal Ring in HIV-uninfected Adolescent Females', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT02197130	Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study Of The Efficacy And Safety Of PF-02545920 In Subjects With Huntington's Disease	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT02342548	Open Label Extension Study To Investigate Long Term Safety, Tolerability And Efficacy Of Pf-02545920 In Subjects With Huntington's	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT02702895	Assessment of ASPIRE and HOPE Adherence	EXCLUDE — design	Study type is OBSERVATIONAL, not INTERVENTIONAL.
NCT02808949	Pharmacokinetic Study of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Lactating Women	EXCLUDE — design	Allocation is recorded as NA. An absent allocation field is not evidence of randomisation.
NCT02847286	To Assess the Drug-drug Interaction Potential Between Dapivirine Vaginal Ring-004, Containing 25 mg of Dapivirine, and Clotrimazol	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Dapivirine concentrations in plasma Clotrimazole concentrations in plasma', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT02855346	PK and Safety Study of Vaginal Rings Containing Dapivirine and Levonorgestrel	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Dapivirine and levonorgestrel concentrations in blood and Vaginal fluid', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT02858024	A Trial In Healthy HIV-Negative Women To Assess The Effect Of Menses And Tampon Use On The Pharmacokinetics Of Dapivirine, Deliver	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Dapivirine concentrations in vaginal fluid and in plasma, measured at specified time points before, during, an', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT02858037	Trial to Assess the Continued Safety of and Adherence to a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine in Women	EXCLUDE — design	Allocation is recorded as NA. An absent allocation field is not evidence of randomisation.
NCT02862171	To Assess Continued Safety of and Adherence to the Dapivirine (25 mg) Vaginal Ring-004 in Healthy, HIV-negative Women	EXCLUDE — design	Allocation is recorded as NA. An absent allocation field is not evidence of randomisation.
NCT02920827	Safety and Pharmacokinetic Trial in Healthy HIV-Negative Women to Assess the Delivery of Dapivirine From a Vaginal Ring	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Safety: To assess the safety and tolerability of the dapivirine vaginal ring, the endpoint was the proportion ', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT03044379	Dapivirine Gel Rectal Safety and PK Study	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT03074786	Reversing the Epidemic in Africa With Choices in HIV Prevention (REACH)	EXCLUDE — no participants	WITHDRAWN with enrolment 0 (ACTUAL). Eligible by design, no participants and no data, so it cannot contribute.
NCT03234400	A Phase 1, Randomized Pharmacokinetics and Safety Study of Extended Duration Dapivirine Vaginal Rings	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'DPV concentration in plasma. DPV concentration in cervicovaginal fluid DPV concentration in cervical tissue Sa', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT03239483	Safety and Pharmacokinetic Study of Dapivirine Gel (0.05%) Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT03393468	Pharmacokinetic Study of Dapivirine Gel Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT03467347	PK Study of 90-Day Use of Vaginal Rings Containing Dapivirine and Levonorgestrel	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Evaluate pharmacokinetics by assessing changes in baseline of DPV and LNG concentrations in plasma. Evaluate p', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT03519737	Aureva Transcranial Ultrasound Device With tPA in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT03537092	A Study of the Safety and Acceptability of a Placebo Vaginal Film: FAME101	EXCLUDE — formulation	Dapivirine is present but no vaginal-ring signal; dapivirine was also trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
NCT03593655	Evaluating the Safety of and Adherence to a Vaginal Matrix Ring Containing Dapivirine and Oral Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Number of Participants With Grade 2 or Higher Adverse Events (AEs) Number of Participant-Visits With No Produc', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT03648931	Microbicide/PrEP Acceptability Among Mothers and Male Partners in Africa	EXCLUDE — design	Study type is OBSERVATIONAL, not INTERVENTIONAL.
NCT03813238	A Study of TEV-50717 (Deutetrabenazine) for the Treatment of Dyskinesia in Cerebral Palsy in Children and Adolescents	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT03965923	Randomized, Open Label Safety Trial of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral TRUVADA® Use in Pregnancy	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Number of Participants With a Composite Safety Endpoint Adverse Event (AE) Pregnancy Outcomes', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT04140266	Safety and Drug Detection Study of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral TRUVADA® in Breastfeeding Mother-Infant Pairs	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Number of Mother Participants With Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) Including Maternal Deaths in Both Study Arms ', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT04200352	A Study to Test if TEV-50717 is Safe and Effective in Relieving Abnormal Involuntary Movements in Cerebral Palsy	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT05041699	PK, Safety Study of 90-Day Use of Vaginal Rings Containing Dapivirine and Levonorgestrel	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Evaluate pharmacokinetics by assessing changes in baseline of DPV and LNG concentrations in plasma Evaluate ph', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT05416021	Relative Bioavailability Trial of Dapivirine Ring-004 and Ring-008	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'To determine the relative bioavailability of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring-008 compared to Dapivirine Vaginal Ring-0', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion
NCT05937698	The CATALYST Study	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT06250504	Long-Acting HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Integrated With Sexual and Reproductive Health - cRCT	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Uptake PrEP Retention on PrEP', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT06566430	PrEP My Way: A Hybrid Type 1 Clinical Effectiveness-implementation Trial to Promote PrEP Persistence Among Young Kenyan Women	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'Months of PrEP persistence', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT06807736	PrEPared to Choose (PtC) is an Implementation Study of the Delivery of Cabotegravir Long-acting, an Injectable Pre-exposure Prophy	EXCLUDE — design	Study type is OBSERVATIONAL, not INTERVENTIONAL.
NCT06919614	STI Testing to Enhance PrEP Use in Pregnancy	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.
NCT07076043	Multi-product PrEP Delivery to Young Women Seeking Reproductive Health Services and Coverage of HIV Prevention	EXCLUDE — outcome	Registered primary outcome is 'PrEP initiation', which is not HIV-1 infection or seroconversion.
NCT07666139	The 'Comprehensive Adherence Resource and Empowerment Support' (CARES) Study	EXCLUDE — intervention	No dapivirine or development code in the title, interventions, arms or summary.

Rendered from search_executed_2026_08_30

Screening ledger — every record, in this file

Every one of the 1443 screened records is below, with the decision and the rule that made it. 1390 carry an identifier and link to the source; 53 do not and say so. Nothing is truncated and nothing is collapsed away — a screen a reader cannot read is a count, not a screen. Ledger read 2026-08-31T07:40:51+00:00.

PASS_INCLUDED_TRIAL — 13 records. Passed the screen and is a trial this review pools.

Table 6. Screening ledger — every record, in this file
Identifier	Title	Journal	Year	Rule	Reason
42277878	Incremental value of non-pharmacokinetic adherence measures for dapivirine vaginal ring use in resource limited setting.	Trials	2026	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01539226
40872929	Counterfactual Groups to Assess Vaccine or Treatment Efficacy in HIV Prevention Trials in High-Risk Populations in Uganda.	Vaccines	2025	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01539226
38099506	Assessing Per-Sex-Act HIV-1 Risk Reduction Among Women Using the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2024	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
36345569	Characterization of Viruses in Phase 3 and Phase 3b Trials (the Ring Study and the Dapivirine Ring Extended Access and Monitoring Trial) of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection Risk Reduction.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2023	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01539226
35344520	Patterns of Adherence to a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention Among South African Women in a Phase III Randomized Controlled Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2022	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
33713213	Acceptability of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention and Association with Adherence in a Phase III Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
33542153	Assessment of risk compensation following use of the dapivirine vaginal ring in southwestern Uganda.	Sexually transmitted infections	2022	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01539226
31306167	Risk of HIV-1 acquisition among South African women using a variety of contraceptive methods in a prospective study.	AIDS (London, England)	2019	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
30816632	Acquisition of Sexually Transmitted Infections among Women Using a Variety of Contraceptive Options: A prospective Study among High-risk African Women.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
30346511	Clinical and Virologic Outcomes Following Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy Among Seroconverters in the Microbicide Trials Network-020 Phase III Trial of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2019	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
30218318	Vaginal Ring Use in a Phase 3 Microbicide Trial: A Comparison of Objective Measures and Self-reports of Non-adherence in ASPIRE.	AIDS and behavior	2019	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096
27959766	Safety and Efficacy of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in Women.	The New England journal of medicine	2016	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01539226
26900902	Use of a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine for HIV-1 Prevention in Women.	The New England journal of medicine	2016	R5a	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names a registration this review POOLS: NCT01617096

PASS_ALREADY_RETRIEVED — 22 records. Passed; the record was already held from the registry route.

Table 7. Screening ledger — every record, in this file
Identifier	Title	Journal	Year	Rule	Reason
42311653	Vaginal Microbiota and Cytokines Among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in Clinical Trials of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Emtricitabine.	Open forum infectious diseases	2026	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03965923, NCT04140266. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
41687672	Safety, acceptability, and adherence to dapivirine vaginal ring and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in the second trimester of pregnancy: a multicountry, open-label, phase 3b randomised trial.	The lancet. HIV	2026	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03965923. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
41559582	Long-acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis integrated with community-based sexual and reproductive health services in South Africa (LAPIS): study protocol for a hybrid (1a) cluster randomised controlled phase 3B trial of effectiveness and implementation.	BMC public health	2026	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT06250504. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
41173578	Safety outcomes among infants whose mothers used the dapivirine vaginal ring or oral PrEP during pregnancy (MTN-042/DELIVER): a randomised phase 3b study.	The lancet. HIV	2025	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03965923. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
40875480	Higher Acceptability of the Monthly Dapivirine Ring Versus Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa in the REACH Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2025	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03593655. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
40292084	Exploring pregnant women's experiences with dapivirine vaginal ring insertion during the MTN-042/DELIVER study in Uganda: a description of secondary data.	Therapeutic advances in infectious disease	2025	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03965923. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
39954697	Safety and drug quantification of the dapivirine vaginal ring and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis in breastfeeding mother-infant pairs (MTN-043): a phase 3B, open-label, randomised trial.	The lancet. HIV	2025	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT04140266. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
39808648	Acceptability of a dapivirine levonorgestrel vaginal ring in two Phase 1 trials (MTN-030/IPM 041 and MTN-044/IPM 053/CCN019): Implications for multipurpose prevention technology development.	PloS one	2025	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02855346, NCT03467347. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
38852114	Correlates of Adherence to Oral and Vaginal Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) Participating in the MTN-034/REACH Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03074786. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
37936551	How a menu of adherence support strategies facilitated high adherence to HIV prevention products among adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed methods analysis.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03593655. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
37898146	Adherence, safety, and choice of the monthly dapivirine vaginal ring or oral emtricitabine plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among African adolescent girls and young women: a randomised, open-label, crossover trial.	The lancet. HIV	2023	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03593655. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
37392268	Adolescent Girls and Young Women's Experiences with Disclosing Oral PrEP or Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Use: a Multi-Country Qualitative Analysis.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03593655. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
36189636	Clinical Presentation, Treatment Response, and Virology Outcomes of Women Who Seroconverted in the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Trials-The Ring Study and DREAM.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2023	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT01618058. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
35289688	Acceptability of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Postmenopausal US Women.	AIDS patient care and STDs	2022	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02010593. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
34498980	A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1 Safety, and Pharmacokinetic Study of Dapivirine Gel (0.05%) Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults (MTN-026).	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2022	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03239483. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
34118115	Phase 1 pharmacokinetics and safety study of extended duration dapivirine vaginal rings in the United States.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2021	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT03234400. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
33539762	Safety, uptake, and use of a dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention in African women (HOPE): an open-label, extension study.	The lancet. HIV	2021	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02858037. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
33539761	Safety, adherence, and HIV-1 seroconversion among women using the dapivirine vaginal ring (DREAM): an open-label, extension study.	The lancet. HIV	2021	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02862171. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
31929401	Brief Report: Phase IIa Safety Study of a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine in Adolescent Young Women.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2020	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02028338. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
30602513	Pharmacokinetics of Dapivirine Transfer into Blood Plasma, Breast Milk, and Cervicovaginal Fluid of Lactating Women Using the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2019	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02808949. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
30289485	Phase 2a Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Acceptability of Dapivirine Vaginal Rings in US Postmenopausal Women.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2019	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT02010593. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.
26963505	Safety, Acceptability and Adherence of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in a Microbicide Clinical Trial Conducted in Multiple Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.	PloS one	2016	R5b	Passes the screen and names registration(s) the REGISTRY SEARCH ALREADY RETRIEVED and screened: NCT01071174. Not a search miss; the registry screen's own exclusion applies.

PASS_OUTSIDE_REGISTRY_SET — 2 records. Passed; names a trial outside the registry-retrieved set.

Table 8. Screening ledger — every record, in this file
Identifier	Title	Journal	Year	Rule	Reason
37919697	"It's already in your body and it's preventing": a qualitative study of African female adolescent's acceptability and preferences for proxy HIV prevention methods in Cape Town, South Africa.	BMC public health	2023	R5c	⚠️ Passes the screen and names registration(s) the registry search did NOT retrieve: NCT02404038. CANDIDATE SEARCH MISS -- must be resolved by hand.
25880636	The ring plus project: safety and acceptability of vaginal rings that protect women from unintended pregnancy.	BMC public health	2015	R5c	⚠️ Passes the screen and names registration(s) the registry search did NOT retrieve: NCT01796613. CANDIDATE SEARCH MISS -- must be resolved by hand.

PASS_NO_ID — 61 records. Passed the concept screen but carries no trial identifier to join on.

Table 9. Screening ledger — every record, in this file
Identifier	Title	Journal	Year	Rule	Reason
42618053	Changes in sexual behavior among women in studies evaluating the dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention.	Sexual health	2026	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
42149895	Estimated adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and its associated factors among African women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	PLOS global public health	2026	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
40709072	Adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Among Cisgender Women in Africa: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.	Health science reports	2025	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
39591433	Understanding the sources of efficacy dilution in a trial of a monthly dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention.	International journal of STD & AIDS	2025	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
39208281	We choose: Adolescent girls and young women's choice for an HIV prevention product in a cross-over randomized clinical trial conducted in South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.	PloS one	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
39158801	Efficacy of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Accounting for Imperfect Adherence.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
38838028	Phase 1 randomized trials to assess safety, pharmacokinetics, and vaginal bleeding associated with use of extended duration dapivirine and levonorgestrel vaginal rings.	PloS one	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
38822304	Self-reported removal and expulsion of the dapivirine vaginal ring: qualitative reports from female ring users and their male partners in the Ring Study (IPM 027).	BMC public health	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
38699591	The role of economic evaluations in advancing HIV multipurpose prevention technologies in early-stage development.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
38685925	Perinatal outcomes associated with pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	EClinicalMedicine	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
38526641	Depression Among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Persons Participating in Two Randomized Trials of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
38055292	DELIVER: A Safety Study of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral PrEP for the Prevention of HIV During Pregnancy.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
37932492	Acceptability of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Oral Truvada Among African Users in Late-Stage of Pregnancy.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
37066990	Acceptability of the dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention among women reporting engagement in transactional sex.	AIDS care	2024	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
36852895	Prevalence, incidence and recurrence of sexually transmitted infections in HIV-negative adult women in a rural South African setting.	Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH	2023	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
36302179	Male Partner Opinions of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Used During an Open-Label Extension HIV Prevention Trial in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2023	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
36255254	MTN-033: a Phase 1 Study Comparing Applicator versus "as Lubricant" Delivery of Rectal Dapivirine Gel.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2022	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34825101	Strategies implemented for accurate dispensing of an investigational new drug in a multi-site HIV prevention clinical trial.	Contemporary clinical trials communications	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34762770	HIV-1 drug resistance among individuals who seroconverted in the ASPIRE dapivirine ring trial.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34749675	Impact and experience of participant engagement activities in supporting dapivirine ring use among participants enrolled in the phase III MTN-020/ASPIRE study.	BMC public health	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34727272	Does the Ring Work? Perceptions and Understanding of the Efficacy of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention Amongst Women in a Placebo-Controlled Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34665672	Acceptability and Preference for 3-Month Versus 1-Month Vaginal Rings for HIV-1 Risk Reduction Among Participants in a Phase 1 Trial.	Journal of women's health (2002)	2022	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34117592	Correlates of Adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
34009480	Impact of Women's Home Environment on Use of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
33939034	The Influence of Perceived Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Effectiveness on Social Disclosure and Ring Adherence.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
33675614	Qualitative Study on the Acceptability of and Adherence to a Vaginal Ring for HIV Prophylaxis Among Adolescent Girls.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
33206462	Greater dapivirine release from the dapivirine vaginal ring is correlated with lower risk of HIV-1 acquisition: a secondary analysis from a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
33181534	Influence of dapivirine vaginal ring use on cervicovaginal immunity and functional microbiome in adolescent girls.	AIDS (London, England)	2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
32460804	Views among Malawian women about joining HIV prevention clinical trials when pregnant.	AIDS research and therapy	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
32452973	Performance and Acceptability of the FC2 Female Condom When Used With and Without a Silicone Placebo Vaginal Ring-A Randomized, Crossover Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
32452969	Performance of Male Condoms When Used With and Without a Silicone Placebo Vaginal Ring-A Randomized, Crossover Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31980993	The Power of the Shared Experience: MTN-020/ASPIRE Trial Participants' Descriptions of Peer Influence on Acceptability of and Adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention.	AIDS and behavior	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31843664	Validation and implementation of an ultrasensitive liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay for dapivirine quantitation in breast milk.	Clinical biochemistry	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31809308	Brief Report: Anal Intercourse, HIV-1 Risk, and Efficacy in a Trial of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31764068	Use of the dapivirine vaginal ring and effect on cervical cytology abnormalities.	AIDS (London, England)	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31667678	Impact of Male Partner Involvement on Women's Adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring During a Phase III HIV Prevention Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31226323	Contraceptive method switching among women living in sub-Saharan Africa participating in an HIV-1 prevention trial: a prospective cohort study.	Contraception	2019	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31085254	Drug stability and product performance characteristics of a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring under simulated real-world conditions.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2019	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
31002583	Preventive Misconception and Risk Behaviors in a Multinational HIV Prevention Trial.	AJOB empirical bioethics	2019	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
30999049	Development and pharmacokinetics of a combination vaginal ring for sustained release of dapivirine and the protein microbicide 5P12-RANTES.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2019	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
30383589	Pregnancy and Infant Outcomes Among Women Using the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Early Pregnancy.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2018	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
30239426	Impact of Partner-Related Social Harms on Women's Adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring During a Phase III Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2018	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
29151197	Impact of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring on Sexual Experiences and Intimate Partnerships of Women in an HIV Prevention Clinical Trial: Managing Ring Detection and Hot Sex.	AIDS and behavior	2018	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
29125833	Acceptability and use of a dapivirine vaginal ring in a phase III trial: Erratum.	AIDS (London, England)	2017	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
28746164	Implementation of a Novel Adherence Monitoring Strategy in a Phase III, Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, HIV-1 Prevention Clinical Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2017	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
28542081	Brief Report: Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Use Does Not Diminish the Effectiveness of Hormonal Contraception.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2017	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
28456732	Packing Polymorphism of Dapivirine and Its Impact on the Performance of a Dapivirine-Releasing Silicone Elastomer Vaginal Ring.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2017	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
28441175	Acceptability and use of a dapivirine vaginal ring in a phase III trial.	AIDS (London, England)	2017	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
26837628	Adherence and Acceptability of a Multidrug Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in a Phase I Study in the United States.	AIDS and behavior	2016	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
27473275	Matrix and reservoir-type multipurpose vaginal rings for controlled release of dapivirine and levonorgestrel.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2016	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
27428211	Pharmacodynamic correlations using fresh and cryopreserved tissue following use of vaginal rings containing dapivirine and/or maraviroc in a randomized, placebo controlled trial.	Medicine	2016	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
27016673	Post-use assay of vaginal rings (VRs) as a potential measure of clinical trial adherence.	Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis	2016	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
26061040	Characteristics of Women Enrolled into a Randomized Clinical Trial of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention.	PloS one	2015	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
26034880	Phase 1 Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Dapivirine and Maraviroc Vaginal Rings: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2015	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
24901365	A safety and pharmacokinetic trial assessing delivery of dapivirine from a vaginal ring in healthy women.	AIDS (London, England)	2014	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
23266465	A silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention containing two microbicides with different mechanisms of action.	European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences	2013	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
no identifier	Counterfactual groups to assess treatment efficacy in HIV prevention trials in high risk populations in Uganda		2022	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
no identifier	Safety, Acceptability and Adherence of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in a Microbicide Clinical Trial Conducted in Multiple Countries in Sub-Saharan Africa		2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
no identifier	The impact of participant engagement activities in supporting dapivirine ring use among participants enrolled in the Phase III MTN-020/ASPIRE study		2021	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
no identifier	Pharmacokinetics and Safety Assessment of Anti-HIV Dapivirine Vaginal Microbicide Rings with Multiple Dosing		2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.
no identifier	Adherence and acceptability of a multidrug vaginal ring for HIV prevention in a phase I study in the United States		2020	R5d	Passes the title-and-abstract screen and names no registration id, so it cannot be resolved against the registry set from the abstract alone. Must be resolved by hand.

UNDECIDABLE — 107 records. Neither passed nor excluded -- the record does not carry enough to decide.

Table 10. Screening ledger — every record, in this file
Identifier	Title	Journal	Year	Rule	Reason
41758976	Response to "Comment on Higher Acceptability of the Monthly Dapivirine Ring Versus Daily Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa in the REACH Trial".	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2026	R3b	Dapivirine is named but the title carries no randomised-trial signal and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED. Named rather than excluded.
41729187	Comment on "Higher Acceptability of the Monthly Dapivirine Ring versus Daily Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa in the REACH Trial".	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2026	R3b	Dapivirine is named but the title carries no randomised-trial signal and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED. Named rather than excluded.
39954698	Safety of dapivirine vaginal rings during breastfeeding.	The lancet. HIV	2025	R3b	Dapivirine is named but the title carries no randomised-trial signal and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED. Named rather than excluded.
27259891	[PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) for women: what are the benefits of the vaginal ring?].	MMW Fortschritte der Medizin	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
26424667	Antiretroviral gels: facing the FACTS.	The lancet. HIV	2015	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
23121269	Researchers announce launch of latest HIV microbicide trial.	Expert review of clinical pharmacology	2012	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
40600489	Expanding access to a choice-based multi-method PrEP market for HIV prevention.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	PD65 Pilot Project Of Horizon Scanning To Inform The Ukrainian Health System About New HIV/AIDS Health Technologies	International journal of technology assessment in health care	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
40356941	Southern African HIV Clinicians Society guideline on pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV.	Southern African journal of HIV medicine	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
41076288	Two for two: lenacapavir during pregnancy and lactation.	Lancet (London, England)	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
39401050	Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV.	JAMA	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	HIVR4P conference 2024	Lancet regional health. Americas	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	PD64 Cost-Minimization Analysis And Psoriatic Arthritis: Insights From Health Technology Assessment Agency Recommendations	International journal of technology assessment in health care	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
40600475	Finally, PrEP choices! But will clients ever have a choice?	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37385271	Implementation of HIV prevention strategies globally.	The lancet. HIV	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37898147	PrEParing for choice in a new era of HIV prevention.	The lancet. HIV	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Microbicides for Topical HIV Immunoprophylaxis: Current Status and Future Prospects	Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
38476596	Editorial: Multipurpose prevention technologies for HIV, STIs and pregnancies.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
41073075	Leadership and culture change to advance innovation in women's health.	BMJ (Clinical research ed.)	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
32288474	Index.	Advances in antiviral drug design	2007	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
34358495	Highlights from the 11th IAS Conference on Science.	The lancet. HIV	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
40892999	Multisector global collaboration to advance the inclusion of pregnant and lactating people in HIV prevention research.	AIDS (London, England)	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
35633097	PEP for HIV prevention: are we missing opportunities to reduce new infections?	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
39446892	Promising results of HIV prevention trials highlight the benefits of collaboration in global health: The perspective of the Forum HIV Recency Assay Working Group.	PLOS global public health	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
38827819	Editorial: Multipurpose prevention technologies: call for innovative strategies to address critical priorities and gaps.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
38689754	Editorial: Improving the delivery of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to eliminate vertical HIV transmission.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37606684	New USPSTF Guidelines for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis: Will More Choices Lead to Greater Impact?	JAMA	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37195217	Antibodies for HIV prevention: the path forward.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37732092	The use of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among people who inject drugs: barriers, and recommendations.	Frontiers in public health	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37927857	Redefining HIV care: a path toward sustainability post-UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets.	Frontiers in public health	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
33558836	Commentary title: COVID-19 research, Africa, and global health.	Journal of virus eradication	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Development of triazine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors for microbicidal applications	Retrovirology	2011	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
35903882	Long-acting injectable cabotegravir: implementation science needed to advance this additional HIV prevention choice.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
36304018	Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Opportunities and Challenges to Ensure Advancement of the Most Promising MPTs.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
35578813	HIV vaccines in 2022: where to from here?	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	EMA releases highlights from the CHMP's July meeting	Reactions Weekly	2020	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
38500968	Unlocking the potential of telehealth in Africa for HIV: opportunities, challenges, and pathways to equitable healthcare delivery.	Frontiers in digital health	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
31175817	Next-Generation Preexposure Prophylaxis: Choices For Effective HIV Prevention.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2020	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Access to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Literature	Nursing for women's health	2020	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Hormonal contraception for women at risk of HIV infection.	The Cochrane database of systematic reviews	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
34881022	INTEREST 2021 conference: is Africa still hoping against hope in the fight against HIV?	Therapeutic advances in infectious disease	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
35107041	HIV and women's health: Where are we now?	Women's health (London, England)	2022	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37439060	What will it take to bring LAED medication regimens to young people?	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
27525548	Levonorgestrel in contraceptives and multipurpose prevention technologies: does this progestin increase HIV risk or interact with antiretrovirals?	AIDS (London, England)	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Nanotechnologies for early diagnosis, in situ disease monitoring, and prevention	Nanotechnologies in Preventive and Regenerative Medicine	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
39374085	Special Issue: Abstracts from HIVR4P 2024, the 5th HIV Research for Prevention Conference, 6 - 10 October, Lima, Peru & Virtual.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
34446676	Pills, Injections, Rings, or Implants? PrEP Formulation Preferences of PrEP-Experienced African Women for HIV Prevention.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
29326232	Future of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	2018	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
33354364	Southern African guidelines on the safe, easy and effective use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: 2020.	Southern African journal of HIV medicine	2020	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
32594863	The potential role of nanomedicine on COVID-19 therapeutics.	Therapeutic delivery	2020	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
23428097	In search of the optimal delivery method for anti-HIV microbicides: are intravaginal rings the way forward?	Expert review of anti-infective therapy	2013	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
33605533	4th HIV Research for Prevention conference (HIVR4P // Virtual), 27 & 28 January \| 3 & 4 February 2021.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37116934	Novel Approaches to Postnatal Prophylaxis to Eliminate Vertical Transmission of HIV.	Global health, science and practice	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
16890813	Microbicides: stopping HIV at the gate.	Lancet (London, England)	2006	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
30815283	Making the case: developing innovative adherence solutions for the treatment of tuberculosis.	BMJ global health	2019	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Microbicides: Abstracts from global literature	Indian journal of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS	2011	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Oral Abstracts From Adherence 2023 Conference	Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
29872522	Profile Interview: Dr. Sufia Dadabhai.	Malawi medical journal : the journal of Medical Association of Malawi	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
28673020	The case for integrated human papillomavirus vaccine and HIV prevention with broader sexual and reproductive health and rights services for adolescent girls and young women.	Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
28474612	Eliminating HIV & AIDS in India: A roadmap to zero new HIV infections, zero discrimination & zero AIDS-related deaths.	The Indian journal of medical research	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Key programmatic and policy considerations for introducing multipurpose prevention (MPT) methods: reflections from healthcare providers and key stakeholders in South Africa	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15710933	Intravaginal and intrarectal microbicides to prevent HIV infection.	CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne	2005	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
26123566	Use of Pharmacokinetic Data in Novel Analyses to Determine the Effect of Topical Microbicides as Preexposure Prophylaxis Against HIV Infection.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
28435694	Highlights from the HIV Research for Prevention Conference (R4P),: 17-21 October 2016, Chicago, IL, USA.	Journal of virus eradication	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
29057090	Highlights from the 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science, 23-26 July 2017, Paris, France.	Journal of virus eradication	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
20010071	Targeting Trojan Horse leukocytes for HIV prevention.	AIDS (London, England)	2010	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
27122594	Renal Function and Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for Preexposure Prophylaxis: How Safe Is Safe Enough?	The Journal of infectious diseases	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Favoring “Peace of Mind”: A Qualitative Study of African Women's HIV Prevention Product Formulation Preferences from the MTN-020/ASPIRE Trial	AIDS patient care and STDs	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Multiple dosage forms of the NNRTI microbicide dapivirine: product development and evaluation	Retrovirology	2006	R3b	Dapivirine is named but the title carries no randomised-trial signal and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED. Named rather than excluded.
34031634	Nanozymes to fight the COVID-19 and future pandemics.	Environmental chemistry letters	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Oral Abstracts From Adherence 2019 Conference	Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care	2020	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15384224	Microbicides preventing HIV infection could be available by 2010.	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	2004	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15384222	Ireland stubs out smoking in the workplace.	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	2004	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15384220	Ailing Russian health-care system in urgent need of reform.	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	2004	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Antiviral Classification	Encyclopedia of Virology	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
32287464	Compound name, code numcer and subject index, vol. 38.	Annual reports in medicinal chemistry	2003	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Viruses and Viral Diseases	Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry II	2007	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15298231	New generation of non-profit initiatives tackles world's "neglected" diseases.	Bulletin of the World Health Organization	2004	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
40657994	Abstract Supplement Abstracts from IAS 2025, the 13th IAS Conference on HIV Science, 13 - 17 July, Kigali, Rwanda & Virtual.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15916473	The development of vaginal microbicides for the prevention of HIV transmission.	PLoS medicine	2005	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Women and ARV-based prevention: opportunities and challenges	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
28953320	Oral abstracts of the 21st International AIDS Conference.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
12794196	New drugs for treating drug resistant HIV-1.	Sexually transmitted infections	2003	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
28160433	Importance of Drug Pharmacokinetics at the Site of Action.	Clinical and translational science	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
34288453	Oral abstracts of the 11th IAS Conference on HIV Science, 18-21 July 2021.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2021	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
31339004	Oral abstracts of the 10th IAS Conference on HIV Science, 21-24 July 2019, Mexico City, Mexico.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	New concepts in anti-HIV therapies	New Concepts of Antiviral Therapy	2006	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
11864367	Structural genomics: a new era for pharmaceutical research.	Genome biology	2002	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
38509552	Proceedings of the 2023 International Maternal Newborn Health Conference.	BMC proceedings	2024	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
20804202	Nitrile-containing pharmaceuticals: efficacious roles of the nitrile pharmacophore.	Journal of medicinal chemistry	2010	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
35916394	Abstract Supplement Abstracts from AIDS 2022, the 24th International AIDS Conference, 29 July - 2 August 2022, Montreal, Canada & Virtual.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
12794195	Surveillance of sexually transmitted infections in primary care.	Sexually transmitted infections	2003	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Abstract Supplement Abstracts from IAS 2023, the 12th IAS Conference on HIV Science, 23 – 26 July, Brisbane, Australia & Virtual	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
26317854	Role of Marine Natural Products in the Genesis of Antiviral Agents.	Chemical reviews	2015	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
16561605	Studies on Heat Resistance: I. Increasing Resistance to Heat of Bacterial Spores by Selection.	Journal of bacteriology	1948	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Raman characterization and chemical imaging of biocolloidal self-assemblies, drug delivery systems, and pulmonary inhalation aerosols: A review	AAPS PharmSciTech	2007	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	Abstracts from the NIH Office of Research on Women's HealthEleventh Annual Interdisciplinary Women's Health Research SymposiumNovember 6, 2014 : Eleventh Annual NIH Interdisciplinary Women's Health Research Symposium November 6, 2014	Journal of women's health (2002)	2014	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
26198351	PrEP Implementation Science: State-of-the-Art and Research Agenda.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2015	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
13617937	The growth of yeasts in grape juice stored at low temperatures. I. Control of yeast growth in commerical operation.	Applied microbiology	1959	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
37605191	Abstracts of the 9th Tanzania Health Summit : Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.	BMC proceedings	2023	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
27460772	Oral abstracts of the 21st International AIDS Conference 18-22 July 2016, Durban, South Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
15113312	Abstracts of the 14th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. May 1-4, 2004. Prague, Czech Republic.	Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases	2004	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
30941891	HIV & Hepatitis in the Americas, 4-6 April 2019, Bogotá, Colombia.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	1. Deutsch-Österreichisch-Schweizerischer AIDS-Kongress (SÖDAK 2009)	European journal of medical research	2009	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
28589036	Abstracts of the Eighth EDCTP Forum, 6-9 November 2016.	BMJ global health	2017	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
no identifier	HIV and adolescents: focus on young key populations	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2015	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.
27780519	International Congress of Drug Therapy in HIV Infection 23-26 October 2016, Glasgow, UK.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2016	R1b	No dapivirine term in the title and NO ABSTRACT IS INDEXED, so absence of the term is not evidence of absence of the drug. Named rather than excluded.

EXCLUDE — 1238 records. Excluded by a named rule. The rule and reason are on the row.

Table 11. Screening ledger — every record, in this file
Identifier	Title	Journal	Year	Rule	Reason
42514978	Determining Critical Physiological and Drug Specific Parameters for Enhancing a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics Model for the Female Reproductive Tract.	Pharmaceutics	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
42364791	Use of a hydrophilic excipient to modulate the release of dapivirine, copper ions and zinc ions from a matrix-type vaginal ring.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
42324049	Subdermal implants for HIV prevention with increased dapivirine release rates.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
42223402	High Interest in the PrEP (Dapivirine) Ring Among U.S. Low-Income Latina Women: Results From a Community Clinic.	AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41817180	Interactions between long-acting antiretrovirals and opioids: a call for clinical awareness.	Clinical microbiology reviews	2026	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
41810007	PrEP and choice counselling - Insights into implementation.	Journal of public health in Africa	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41771664	Values and preferences of female sex workers in Zimbabwe for long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis and the dapivirine vaginal ring: results of a mixed-methods research study.	BMJ global health	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41641067	Risk Compensation in the Context of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Women Using the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Africa: A Scoping Review.	International journal of sexual health : official journal of the World Association for Sexual Health	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41589497	Comparative Effectiveness of Daily Oral and Long-acting Injectable Prep: A Critical Review of Clinical Evidence and Public Health Implications.	Current HIV research	2026	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
41456758	Formulation development of a dapivirine-releasing subdermal implant for HIV prevention.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41352357	Uptake of dapivirine vaginal ring and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis among women accessing HIV prevention services in South Africa: a cohort study.	The lancet. HIV	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41327583	A qualitative exploration of women's choices and experiences of using oral and vaginal HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Eswatini.	AIDS care	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41259068	Association of human papillomavirus on risk of HIV acquisition in African women: analyses from MTN-020/ASPIRE.	Journal of the National Cancer Institute	2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41225189	Next Generation 3D Printed Multipurpose Intravaginal Ring For Sustained Co-Delivery of Antiretroviral Drugs and A Contraceptive Hormone.	Pharmaceutical research	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40600499	User and healthcare provider early experiences with the PrEP ring: a quantitative study on the introduction of a new PrEP method in Eswatini.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40600496	Transforming PrEP marketing: understanding the place of PrEP in the hearts and minds of adolescent girls and young women in sub-Saharan Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40600484	PrEP choice in the real world: Results of a prospective cohort study describing uptake and use patterns of oral PrEP and the dapivirine vaginal ring among women in sub-Saharan Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40600478	PrEP preferences and early acceptability of injectable cabotegravir among pregnant and lactating people in Cape Town, South Africa: findings from the PrEPared to Choose study.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40600466	"People have options": a qualitative study of experiences and influences of PrEP choice among women in South Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40163475	A mixed-method study of feasibility and acceptability of the Dapivirine vaginal ring among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in selected Zimbabwean districts.	PLOS global public health	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40126743	High Preference for Injectable Pre-exposure Prophylaxis among Young Women in Kenya.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40119338	Estimating the cost of and willingness to pay for providing the dapivirine ring for HIV prevention in Kenya.	BMC public health	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40071257	Updates on HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Latin America: Available Drugs and Implementation Status.	Le infezioni in medicina	2025	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
40064380	A multipurpose silicone elastomer vaginal ring releasing dapivirine and Cu	International journal of pharmaceutics	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40018231	Qualitative focus group discussions exploring PrEP method and service delivery preferences among female sex workers and their managers in four Zambian provinces.	BMJ public health	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39931566	Corrigendum: Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation in South Africa: a case study of USAID-supported programs.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39926339	Corrigendum: Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation in South Africa: a case study of USAID-supported programs.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39869431	Update on HIV Chemoprevention.	Annual review of medicine	2025	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
39721989	6-aryloxy-2-aminopyrimidine-benzonitrile hybrids as anti-infective agents: Synthesis, bioevaluation, and molecular docking.	Archiv der Pharmazie	2025	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39720121	Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation in South Africa: a case study of USAID-supported programs.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39627279	Multifaceted impact of HIV inhibitor dapivirine on triple negative breast cancer cells reveals potential entities as targets for novel therapy.	Scientific reports	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39587579	Leveraging international stakeholders' experiences with oral PrEP costs to accelerate implementation of the monthly dapivirine vaginal ring: A qualitative study.	Health research policy and systems	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39508054	Achieving HIV epidemic control through accelerating efforts to expand access to pre-exposure prophylaxis for people who inject drugs.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
39500407	Next-generation 3D printed multipurpose prevention intravaginal ring for prevention of HIV, HSV-2, and unintended pregnancy.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39343865	Adolescent Girls and Young Women Overcoming Adherence Challenges with Vaginal and Oral PrEP Use: A Longitudinal Qualitative Study from a Crossover Trial in South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39106972	Perceptions of the attributes of new long-acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis formulations compared with a daily, oral dose among South African young women: a qualitative study.	AIDS care	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39052199	Acceptability of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Daily Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) during Pregnancy in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39051791	A Review and Economic Analysis of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring as HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for Women, to Inform South African Public-Sector Guidelines.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2024	R2	Publication type is systematic review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
39005161	Consensus recommendations for use of long-acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: An executive summary.	Pharmacotherapy	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39005160	Consensus recommendations for use of long-acting antiretroviral medications in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1: Endorsed by the American Academy of HIV Medicine, American College of Clinical Pharmacy, Canadian HIV and Viral Hepatitis Pharmacists Network, European AIDS Clinical Society, and Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists.	Pharmacotherapy	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
38946155	Sexual and Reproductive Justice and Health Equity for LGBTQ+ Women.	Journal of lesbian studies	2024	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
38871567	HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.	Infectious disease clinics of North America	2024	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
38770814	Lessons learnt from daily oral PrEP delivery to inform national planning for PrEP ring introduction for women in low-income and middle-income countries: a qualitative inquiry of international stakeholders.	BMJ global health	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
38589266	Associations between intravaginal practices and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women enrolled in the dapivirine vaginal ring trial (The Ring Study) in southwestern Uganda: a retrospective secondary analysis.	BMJ open	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
38450818	Development and verification of mechanistic vaginal absorption and metabolism model to predict systemic exposure after vaginal ring and gel application.	British journal of clinical pharmacology	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
38089889	Promises and potential pitfalls of long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis.	Southern African journal of HIV medicine	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
38079092	HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: New and Upcoming Drugs to Address the HIV Epidemic.	Drugs	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
38034413	Efficient regulatory approval of two novel HIV prevention interventions in a resource-limited setting: experiences from Zimbabwe.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37965588	The impact of COVID-19 on sexual behavior, HIV prevention interest, general healthcare access, and other HIV risk factors among trial participants in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37926178	Two into one does go: Formulation development of a multipurpose combination vaginal ring releasing dapivirine and metronidazole for prevention of HIV infection and treatment of bacterial vaginosis.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37854936	Safety surveillance for PrEP in pregnant and breastfeeding women.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
37817296	Current insights and molecular docking studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Chemical biology & drug design	2024	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
37734338	Women's motivations for participating in the dapivirine vaginal ring open label extension study.	AIDS care	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37732881	Brief Report: HIV Drug Resistance Assessment Among Women Who Seroconverted During the MTN-025/HOPE Open-Label Extension Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2024	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37451501	Advances in long-acting slow effective release antiretroviral therapies for treatment and prevention of HIV infection.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
37439077	Preparing for long-acting PrEP delivery: building on lessons from oral PrEP.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37439069	Advancing the use of Long-Acting Extended Delivery formulations for HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa: challenges, opportunities, and recommendations.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37432541	Acceptability and Use of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring and Daily Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) During Breastfeeding in South Africa, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Uganda.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37352296	Baseline preferences for oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) or dapivirine intravaginal ring for HIV prevention among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe (MTN-034/IPM-045 study).	PloS one	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37351685	The Future of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV Prevention: A Global Qualitative Consultation on Provider Perspectives on New Products and Differentiated Service Delivery.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37221983	Preferences and acceptability for long-acting PrEP agents among pregnant and postpartum women with experience using daily oral PrEP in South Africa and Kenya.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37001965	Defining principles for a choice-based approach to HIV prevention.	The lancet. HIV	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
36947792	Psychosocial determinants of pre-exposure prophylaxis use among pregnant adolescent girls and young women in Cape Town, South Africa: A qualitative study.	International journal of STD & AIDS	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36938645	Personalizing prevention: Advances in pharmacotherapy for HIV prevention.	Pharmacotherapy	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
36699142	Planning for decentralized, simplified prEP: Learnings from potential end users in Ga-Rankuwa, gauteng, South Africa.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36503876	Advancing considerations of context in the evaluation and implementation of evidence-based biomedical HIV prevention interventions: a review of recent research.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
36184755	Brief Report: Dapivirine Ring HIV-1 Prevention Effectiveness for Women Engaged in Vaginal and Anal Intercourse: Insights From Mathematical Modeling.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36178556	Integrating Gender-Based Violence Screening and Support into the Research Clinic Setting: Experiences from an HIV Prevention Open-Label Extension Trial in Sub-Saharan Africa.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36145696	Transport and Permeation Properties of Dapivirine: Understanding Potential Drug-Drug Interactions.	Pharmaceutics	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36145684	Comprehensive Study of Antiretroviral Drug Permeability at the Cervicovaginal Mucosa	Pharmaceutics	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36066762	Correlates of Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Acceptance among Women Participating in an Open Label Extension Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36016345	Female Genital Fibroblasts Diminish the In Vitro Efficacy of PrEP against HIV.	Viruses	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
35994576	U.S. Women Need the Dapivirine Ring, Too: FDA as Structural Barrier to HIV Prevention for Women.	AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
35847492	Approved HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the past decade.	Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B	2022	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
35762376	How could HIV-1 drug resistance impact preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention?	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2022	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
35672549	Efficacy and Action of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring as Understood by Women Participating in an Open Label Extension Study.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
35536519	Women's experience receiving drug feedback and adherence counseling in MTN-025/HOPE - an HIV Prevention open-label trial of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
35187529	Pooled Prevalence of Adverse Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcomes in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe: Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses to Inform Trials of Novel HIV Prevention Interventions During Pregnancy.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
35128382		International journal of pharmaceutics: X	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
35064389	Ring-ing in the Future: Participant and Male Partner Perspectives Regarding Future Use of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34977558	Silicone elastomer formulations for improved performance of a multipurpose vaginal ring releasing dapivirine and levonorgestrel.	International journal of pharmaceutics: X	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34959473	Investigating the Contribution of Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in Drug-Drug Interactions of Dapivirine and Miconazole.	Pharmaceutics	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34958283	Drug-releasing vaginal rings for HIV/STI and pregnancy prevention: a review of recent advances and clinical applications.	Expert opinion on drug delivery	2022	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
34910276	Introducing the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Sub-Saharan Africa: What Can We Learn from Oral PrEP?	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2021	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
34865071	Impact of Dapivirine and Placebo Vaginal Rings on the Microbiota of Adolescent, Lactating, and Postmenopausal Females.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34674162	Refining the in vitro release test method for a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring to match in vivo performance.	Drug delivery and translational research	2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34657218	Acceptability of a Dapivirine/Placebo Gel Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults (MTN-026).	AIDS and behavior	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34644609	Vaginal ring acceptability: A systematic review and meta-analysis of vaginal ring experiences from around the world.	Contraception	2022	R2	Publication type is meta-analysis/systematic review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
34596427	Acceptability of a Dapivirine Gel Administered Rectally to HIV-1 Seronegative Adults (MTN-033 Study).	AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education	2021	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
34546473	Integration of a Relationship-focused Counseling Intervention with Delivery of the Dapivirine Ring for HIV Prevention to Women in Johannesburg: Results of the CHARISMA Pilot Study.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34180041	Using Emoji Stickers to Understand End-User Opinions of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34107201	CROI 2021: Epidemiologic Trends in the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Pandemics and HIV Prevention Research.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2021	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
34027386	Use of simulated vaginal and menstrual fluids to model	International journal of pharmaceutics: X	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33913760	Tenofovir Alafenamide for HIV Prevention: Review of the Proceedings from the Gates Foundation Long-Acting TAF Product Development Meeting.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2021	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
33902623	HIV prevention at drug shops: awareness and attitudes among shop dispensers and young women about oral pre-exposure prophylaxis and the dapivirine ring in Shinyanga, Tanzania.	AIDS research and therapy	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33892693	Experiences with simultaneous use of contraception and the vaginal ring for HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa.	BMC women's health	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33810781	Religious leaders' role in pregnant and breastfeeding women's decision making and willingness to use biomedical HIV prevention strategies: a multi-country analysis.	Culture, health & sexuality	2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33779210	Culturally-Based Challenges to and Recommendations for Delivering Adherence Counseling in a Multicultural Biomedical HIV Prevention Trial in Four African Countries.	AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33719075	Topical microbicides for preventing sexually transmitted infections.	The Cochrane database of systematic reviews	2021	R2	Publication type is meta-analysis/systematic review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
33632073	The dapivirine vaginal ring from the perspective of married men in Uganda.	African journal of AIDS research : AJAR	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33623382	In vitro Study on Synergistic Interactions Between Free and Encapsulated Q-Griffithsin and Antiretrovirals Against HIV-1 Infection.	International journal of nanomedicine	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33389318	Men's Sexual Experiences with the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33278181	Qualitative Perceptions of Dapivirine VR Adherence and Drug Level Feedback Following an Open-Label Extension Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33021118	Counselors' acceptability of adherence counseling session recording, fidelity monitoring, and feedback in a multi-site HIV prevention study in four African countries.	AIDS care	2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33012509	Maraviroc, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and dapivirine, activate progesterone receptor B in the absence of progestogens.	Biochemical and biophysical research communications	2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
32833192	Client-Centered Adherence Counseling with Adherence Measurement Feedback to Support Use of the Dapivirine Ring in MTN-025 (The HOPE Study).	AIDS and behavior	2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
32524700	Influences on willingness to use vaginal or oral HIV PrEP during pregnancy and breastfeeding in Africa: the multisite MAMMA study.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32306503	Effectiveness of vaginal microbicides in preventing HIV transmission.	Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH	2020	R2	Publication type is meta-analysis/systematic review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
32265431	Mucoadhesive Vaginal Discs based on Cyclodextrin and Surfactants for the Controlled Release of Antiretroviral Drugs to Prevent the Sexual Transmission of HIV.	Pharmaceutics	2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31899954	Implementation of a fidelity monitoring process to assess delivery of an evidence-based adherence counseling intervention in a multi-site biomedical HIV prevention study.	AIDS care	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31861267	Rational Design of a Multipurpose Bioadhesive Vaginal Film for Co-Delivery of Dapivirine and Levonorgestrel.	Pharmaceutics	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31710246	Combination of G2-S16 dendrimer/dapivirine antiretroviral as a new HIV-1 microbicide.	Future medicinal chemistry	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31658973	Reciprocal Modulation of Antiretroviral Drug and Steroid Receptor Function	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31658117	Topical delivery of long-acting antiretrovirals to prevent HIV acquisition.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2020	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
31648014	Dapivirine-releasing vaginal rings produced by plastic freeforming additive manufacturing.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31613684	Topical Microbicides in HIV Prevention: State of the Promise.	Annual review of medicine	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31352053	Towards a dapivirine and levonorgestrel multipurpose vaginal ring: Investigations into the reaction between levonorgestrel and addition-cure silicone elastomers.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31259738	Clinical testing of antiretroviral drugs as future prevention against vaginal and rectal transmission of HIV infection - a review of currently available results.	Acta pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia)	2019	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
31243640	Novel Application of Hot Melt Extrusion for the Manufacturing of Vaginal Films Containing Microbicide Candidate Dapivirine.	AAPS PharmSciTech	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31242240	Evaluating the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of dapivirine vaginal ring pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.	PloS one	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31237275	Colorectal distribution and retention of polymeric nanoparticles following incorporation into a thermosensitive enema.	Biomaterials science	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31144296	Antiretroviral agents in pre-exposure prophylaxis: emerging and advanced trends in HIV prevention.	The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology	2019	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
31111297	Relationship Type and Use of the Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention in the MTN 020/ASPIRE Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31074936	Dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention: modelling health outcomes, drug resistance and cost-effectiveness.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
31010004	Long-Acting Anti-HIV Drugs Targeting HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase.	Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)	2019	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
30995761	Design of Poly(lactic-	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30960467	Dapivirine Bioadhesive Vaginal Tablets Based on Natural Polymers for the Prevention of Sexual Transmission of HIV.	Polymers	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
30844995	First Impressions Matter: How Initial Worries Influence Adherence to the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
30657023	Negative rumours about a vaginal ring for HIV-1 prevention in sub-Saharan Africa.	Culture, health & sexuality	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
30559901	A Quantitative Disintegration Method for Polymeric Films.	Journal of pharmaceutical innovation	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
30309246	The relationship between vaginal ring use and intimate partner violence and social harms: formative research outcomes from the CHARISMA study in Johannesburg, South Africa.	AIDS care	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
30183260	Vaginal Product Formulation Alters the Innate Antiviral Activity and Glycome of Cervicovaginal Fluids with Implications for Viral Susceptibility.	ACS infectious diseases	2018	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
30153490	Impact of ring size and drug loading on the pharmacokinetics of a combination dapivirine-darunavir vaginal ring in cynomolgus macaques.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29997295	Vaginal microbiome modulates topical antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics.	JCI insight	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29957723	Reasons for nonadherence to the dapivirine vaginal ring: narrative explanations of objective drug-level results.	AIDS (London, England)	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29727292	CROI 2018: Epidemic Trends and Advances in HIV Prevention.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29714824	Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of vaginally administered dapivirine ring and film formulations.	British journal of clinical pharmacology	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29666937	Biomedical Approaches to HIV Prevention in Women.	Current infectious disease reports	2018	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
29596107	TMC120 displayed potent cytotoxic effect on human cervical carcinoma through enhancing the polymerization of microtubules.	AIDS (London, England)	2018	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
29595351	Treatment and prevention of HIV infection with long-acting antiretrovirals.	Expert review of clinical pharmacology	2018	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
29290776	Antitumor Activity and Mechanism of a Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Dapivirine, in Glioblastoma.	Journal of Cancer	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29156381	Structure-based methods to predict mutational resistance to diarylpyrimidine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Journal of molecular graphics & modelling	2018	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
29059077	The microbiome and HIV prevention strategies in women.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2018	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
28982161	Novel multipurpose pod-intravaginal ring for the prevention of HIV, HSV, and unintended pregnancy: Pharmacokinetic evaluation in a macaque model.	PloS one	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28961677	Performance of a Validated Risk Score to Predict HIV-1 Acquisition Among African Women Participating in a Trial of the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2018	R2	Publication type is letter and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
28778830	Discovery of dapivirine, a nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, as a broad-spectrum antiviral against both influenza A and B viruses.	Antiviral research	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28708847	Attitudes and perceptions towards novel objective measures of ARV-based vaginal ring use: Results from a global stakeholder survey.	PloS one	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28670111	Historical development of vaginal microbicides to prevent sexual transmission of HIV in women: from past failures to future hopes.	Drug design, development and therapy	2017	R2	Publication type is historical article/review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
28648081	In Silico and in Vitro Screening for P-Glycoprotein Interaction with Tenofovir, Darunavir, and Dapivirine: An Antiretroviral Drug Combination for Topical Prevention of Colorectal HIV Transmission.	Molecular pharmaceutics	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28507107		Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28303548	Long-Acting Antiretrovirals: Where Are We now?	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2017	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
28276229	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention.	The New England journal of medicine	2017	R2	Publication type is comment/letter and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
28273024	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention.	The New England journal of medicine	2017	R2	Publication type is comment/letter and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
28273023	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV-1 Prevention.	The New England journal of medicine	2017	R2	Publication type is comment/letter and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
30299052	[Secondary Metabolites of Fungi of the Usti Section, Genus Aspergillus and Their Application in Chemosystematics].	Mikrobiologiia	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28222612	In vitro-ex vivo correlations between a cell-laden hydrogel and mucosal tissue for screening composite delivery systems.	Drug delivery	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
28208119	HIV Prevention: Opportunities and Challenges.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2017	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
27995936	Infection: Dapivirine ring reduces HIV acquisition.	Nature reviews. Urology	2017	R2	Publication type is comment and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
27895013	Frequent Cross-Resistance to Dapivirine in HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Individuals after First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Failure in South Africa.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
27809557	Comparison of Dapivirine Vaginal Gel and Film Formulation Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (FAME 02B).	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
27559026	Pharmacokinetic modeling of a gel-delivered dapivirine microbicide in humans.	European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
27465600	Inhibition of HIV Virus by Neutralizing Vhh Attached to Dual Functional Liposomes Encapsulating Dapivirine.	Nanoscale research letters	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
27398859	CROI 2016: Hot Spots in HIV Infection and Advances in HIV Prevention.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2016	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
27163243	Development of a multi-layered vaginal tablet containing dapivirine, levonorgestrel and acyclovir for use as a multipurpose prevention technology.	European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26878974	Controlling levonorgestrel binding and release in a multi-purpose prevention technology vaginal ring device.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26854808	Maraviroc and reverse transcriptase inhibitors combinations as potential preexposure prophylaxis candidates.	AIDS (London, England)	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26850721	Resistance and cross-resistance profile of the diaryltriazine NNRTI and candidate microbicide UAMC01398.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26829288	Nanomedicine in the development of anti-HIV microbicides.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26732684	Will dapivirine redeem the promises of anti-HIV microbicides? Overview of product design and clinical testing.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2016	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
26565716	A Phase 1 Trial to Assess the Safety, Acceptability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Novel Dapivirine Vaginal Film.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2016	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
26559996	Novel diarylpyrimidines and diaryltriazines as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs with dramatically improved solubility: a patent evaluation of US20140378443A1.	Expert opinion on therapeutic patents	2016	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
26514157	Drug transporter gene expression in human colorectal tissue and cell lines: modulation with antiretrovirals for microbicide optimization.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2016	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26510386	NMR characterization of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase binding to various non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with different activities.	Scientific reports	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26415039	Novel fluorine-containing DAPY derivatives as potent HIV-1 NNRTIs: a patent evaluation of WO2014072419.	Expert opinion on therapeutic patents	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26102284	Expression of Genes for Drug Transporters in the Human Female Genital Tract and Modulatory Effect of Antiretroviral Drugs.	PloS one	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
26078001	Pharmacodynamic Activity of Dapivirine and Maraviroc Single Entity and Combination Topical Gels for HIV-1 Prevention.	Pharmaceutical research	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25845860	The sheep as a model of preclinical safety and pharmacokinetic evaluations of candidate microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25700657	Precise engineering of dapivirine-loaded nanoparticles for the development of anti-HIV vaginal microbicides.	Acta biomaterialia	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25231545	The use of supersaturation for the vaginal application of microbicides: a case study with dapivirine.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25224620	WHO guidance grounded in a comprehensive approach to sexual and reproductive health and human rights: topical pre-exposure prophylaxis.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25089538	The emerging profile of cross-resistance among the nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Viruses	2014	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
25079391	Formulation and characterization of polymeric films containing combinations of antiretrovirals (ARVs) for HIV prevention.	Pharmaceutical research	2015	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25005891	Dual quantification of dapivirine and maraviroc in cervicovaginal secretions from ophthalmic tear strips and polyester-based swabs via liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) analysis.	Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24926034	Antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis: state of evidence and the research agenda.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24862093	Pre-clinical development of a combination microbicide vaginal ring containing dapivirine and darunavir.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24693866	Increased Dapivirine tissue accumulation through vaginal film codelivery of dapivirine and Tenofovir.	Molecular pharmaceutics	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24635047	An overview of antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis of HIV infection.	American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24449442	Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine-loaded nanoparticles after vaginal delivery in mice.	Pharmaceutical research	2014	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24386455	Quantitative analysis of microbicide concentrations in fluids, gels and tissues using confocal Raman spectroscopy.	PloS one	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24256358	The development and validation of an UHPLC-MS/MS method for the rapid quantification of the antiretroviral agent dapivirine in human plasma.	Bioanalysis	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24188708	Multipurpose prevention technologies: products in development.	Antiviral research	2013	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
24188702	Development of dapivirine vaginal ring for HIV prevention.	Antiviral research	2013	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
24174883	Clinical use of vaginal or rectally applied microbicides in patients suffering from HIV/AIDS.	HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)	2013	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
24156604	Novel preclinical models of topical PrEP pharmacodynamics provide rationale for combination of drugs with complementary properties.	Retrovirology	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24070431	A randomized male tolerance study of dapivirine gel following multiple topical penile exposures (MTN 012/IPM 010).	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2014	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
24012910	Assessing the physical-chemical properties and stability of dapivirine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24002090	Role of the K101E substitution in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase in resistance to rilpivirine and other nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23965226	Dissimilarities in the metabolism of antiretroviral drugs used in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in colon and vagina tissues.	Biochemical pharmacology	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23845918	Assessment of topical microbicides to prevent HIV-1 transmission: concepts, testing, lessons learned.	Antiviral research	2013	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
23738946	In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of polymeric nanoparticles for vaginal and rectal delivery of the anti-HIV drug dapivirine.	Molecular pharmaceutics	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23695725	Microbicides for prevention of HIV infection: clinical efficacy trials.	Current topics in microbiology and immunology	2014	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
23645585	Diaryltriazine non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are potent candidates for pre-exposure prophylaxis in the prevention of sexual HIV transmission.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23360246	Development of solid dispersion systems of dapivirine to enhance its solubility.	Current drug delivery	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23217310	Development and validation of a HPLC method for the assay of dapivirine in cell-based and tissue permeability experiments.	Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23204872	Vaginal rings for delivery of HIV microbicides.	International journal of women's health	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23201856	The promise of pre-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral drugs to prevent HIV transmission: a review.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2013	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
23177261	A modified SILCS contraceptive diaphragm for long-term controlled release of the HIV microbicide dapivirine.	Contraception	2013	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23003680	Interactions of microbicide nanoparticles with a simulated vaginal fluid.	Molecular pharmaceutics	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
23000496	In vitro profiling of the vaginal permeation potential of anti-HIV microbicides and the influence of formulation excipients.	Antiviral research	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22918449	Current status of topical antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2012	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
22708075	Development and Characterization of a Vaginal Film Containing Dapivirine, a Non- nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI), for prevention of HIV-1 sexual transmission.	Drug delivery and translational research	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22306523	Formulation, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of topical microbicides.	Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology	2012	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
22264043	Reverse transcriptase inhibitors as microbicides.	Current HIV research	2012	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
22226641	Testing of viscous anti-HIV microbicides using Lactobacillus.	Journal of microbiological methods	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22123692	In vitro resistance profile of the candidate HIV-1 microbicide drug dapivirine.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22072053	Polymeric nanoparticles affect the intracellular delivery, antiretroviral activity and cytotoxicity of the microbicide drug candidate dapivirine.	Pharmaceutical research	2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
21811139	Colorectal microbicide design: triple combinations of reverse transcriptase inhibitors are optimal against HIV-1 in tissue explants.	AIDS (London, England)	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
21633286	Synergy against drug-resistant HIV-1 with the microbicide antiretrovirals, dapivirine and tenofovir, in combination.	AIDS (London, England)	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25788241	Engineering a degradable polyurethane intravaginal ring for sustained delivery of dapivirine.	Drug delivery and translational research	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
25788239	Intravaginal rings: controlled release systems for contraception and prevention of transmission of sexually transmitted infections.	Drug delivery and translational research	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
21345763	Update on microbicide research and development - seeking new HIV prevention tools for women.	European journal of medical research	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21282453	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance or cross-resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors currently under development as microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
21239999	Combinations of 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride-modified ovalbumin with antiretroviral drug-based microbicide candidates display synergistic and complementary effects against HIV-1 infection.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
21109069	Novel approaches to vaginal delivery and safety of microbicides: biopharmaceuticals, nanoparticles, and vaccines.	Antiviral research	2010	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
21133347	Rational approaches for the design of effective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Journal of chemical information and modeling	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22834014	Controlled-release vaginal ring drug-delivery systems: a key strategy for the development of effective HIV microbicides.	Therapeutic delivery	2010	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
20937333	Complete inactivation of HIV-1 using photo-labeled non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Virus research	2011	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
20921308	In vitro evaluation of viability, integrity, and inflammation in genital epithelia upon exposure to pharmaceutical excipients and candidate microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2010	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
20854207	Pharmacokinetic assessment of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2010	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
20574411	Pharmacokinetics of 2 dapivirine vaginal microbicide gels and their safety vs. Hydroxyethyl cellulose-based universal placebo gel.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2010	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
20222027	Compartmental transport model of microbicide delivery by an intravaginal ring.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20117900	Development and validation of a rapid reversed-phase HPLC method for the determination of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor dapivirine from polymeric nanoparticles.	Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis	2010	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
20045043	Freeze-dried, mucoadhesive system for vaginal delivery of the HIV microbicide, dapivirine: optimisation by an artificial neural network.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2010	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
20017601	Pharmaceutical development of microbicide drug products.	Pharmaceutical development and technology	2010	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
19958831	Segmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovir.	European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences	2010	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19818335	Inflammation-associated gene transcription and expression in mouse lungs induced by low molecular weight compounds from fungi from the built environment.	Chemico-biological interactions	2010	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19747133	Design strategies of novel NNRTIs to overcome drug resistance.	Current medicinal chemistry	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19623693	Safety and pharmacokinetics of dapivirine delivery from matrix and reservoir intravaginal rings to HIV-negative women.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19550287	Safety, tolerability, and systemic absorption of dapivirine vaginal microbicide gel in healthy, HIV-negative women.	AIDS (London, England)	2009	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
19422073	Secondary metabolites from Eurotium species, Aspergillus calidoustus and A. insuetus common in Canadian homes with a review of their chemistry and biological activities.	Mycological research	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19388819	Safety and availability of dapivirine (TMC120) delivered from an intravaginal ring.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19381077	Sustained release of microbicides by newly engineered vaginal rings.	AIDS (London, England)	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19258271	Reverse transcriptase inhibitors as potential colorectal microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19195672	Characterization of vaginal transmission of a simian human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) encoding the reverse transcriptase gene from HIV-1 in Chinese rhesus macaques.	Virology	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
19029331	Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the candidate microbicide dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2009	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
18764719	Emerging antiviral drugs.	Expert opinion on emerging drugs	2008	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
18474579	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integration: a potential target for microbicides to prevent cell-free or cell-associated HIV-1 infection.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2008	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
18338805	Polyurethane intravaginal ring for controlled delivery of dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of HIV-1.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2008	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
18086845	Concentrations of dapivirine in the rhesus macaque and rabbit following once daily intravaginal administration of a gel formulation of [14C]dapivirine for 7 days.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2008	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
17982511	Gateways to clinical trials.	Methods and findings in experimental and clinical pharmacology	2007	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22504364	ONIOM DFT/PM3 calculations on the interaction between dapivirine and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, a theoretical study.	Drug discoveries & therapeutics	2007	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
17626598	In vitro pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis using HIV inhibitors as microbicides against cell-free or cell-associated HIV-1 infection.	Antiviral chemistry & chemotherapy	2007	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
17270074	Characterization of silicone elastomer vaginal rings containing HIV microbicide TMC120 by Raman spectroscopy.	The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology	2007	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
17191775	Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs): past, present, and future.	Chemistry & biodiversity	2004	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
17106275	Dose-ranging phase 1 study of TMC120, a promising vaginal microbicide, in HIV-negative and HIV-positive female volunteers.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2007	R4	A dapivirine trial signal is present but no vaginal-ring signal. Dapivirine has also been trialled as a gel and a film, which are a different intervention for this question.
17097156	A dual chamber model of female cervical mucosa for the study of HIV transmission and for the evaluation of candidate HIV microbicides.	Antiviral research	2007	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
17096588	Potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors target HIV-1 Gag-Pol.	PLoS pathogens	2006	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
17073519	Etravirine: R165335, TMC 125, TMC-125, TMC125.	Drugs in R&D	2006	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
16884869	Intravaginal ring delivery of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC 120 as an HIV microbicide.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2006	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
16816551	Ex vivo culture of human colorectal tissue for the evaluation of candidate microbicides.	AIDS (London, England)	2006	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
16431862	Dawn of non-nucleoside inhibitor-based anti-HIV microbicides.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2006	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
16155060	Long-term, controlled release of the HIV microbicide TMC120 from silicone elastomer vaginal rings.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2005	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
15996583	The evaluation of the local tolerance of vaginal formulations containing dapivirine using the Slug Mucosal Irritation test and the rabbit vaginal irritation test.	European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V	2005	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
15934866	Emerging anti-HIV drugs.	Expert opinion on emerging drugs	2005	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
15865220	Pre-incubation of cell-free HIV-1 group M isolates with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors blocks subsequent viral replication in co-cultures of dendritic cells and T cells.	Antiviral therapy	2005	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
15850755	An assay to compare the infectivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates based on aerosol infection of guinea pigs and assessment of bacteriology.	Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)	2005	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
15802838	Synthesis of the new furo[3,2-h]isoquinoline alkaloid, TMC-120B from Aspergillus ustus.	Chemical & pharmaceutical bulletin	2005	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
15572156	Crystallography and the design of anti-AIDS drugs: conformational flexibility and positional adaptability are important in the design of non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Progress in biophysics and molecular biology	2005	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
15193138	Recent advances in the development of next generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Current topics in medicinal chemistry	2004	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
15115397	Roles of conformational and positional adaptability in structure-based design of TMC125-R165335 (etravirine) and related non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors that are highly potent and effective against wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 variants.	Journal of medicinal chemistry	2004	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
14693562	In vitro evaluation of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors UC-781 and TMC120-R147681 as human immunodeficiency virus microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2004	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
12853741	Inhibition of vaginal transmission of HIV-1 in hu-SCID mice by the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor TMC120 in a gel formulation.	AIDS (London, England)	2003	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
2504816	Preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.	Journal of hygiene, epidemiology, microbiology, and immunology	1989	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
36701513	Dapivirine		2006	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
no identifier	The direct implementation costs of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in Lesotho and Zimbabwe: a costing study of PrEP choice involving oral pills, the dapivirine ring, and long-acting injectable cabotegravir to inform policy setting		2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
no identifier	“Some people fear injection and others don’t want to swallow tablets, while others forget”: Health care provider perspectives on the PrEP (dapivirine) ring in rural Uganda (“ProPrEP”)		2026	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41859069	The Current and Future Impact of WHO Guidance on Global HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Programs: A Narrative Review.	Infection and drug resistance	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40869182	Benzofuran Derivatives with Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Activities from <i>Penicillium crustosum</i> SCNU-F0046.	International journal of molecular sciences	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40600472	HIV-1 testing in the context of expanding PrEP modalities.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42344157	Lenacapavir at the Spatiotemporal Limit: Tissue Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacokinetic Tail Dynamics, and the Emergence of Capsid Resistance in Long-Acting HIV Prevention.	Clinical pharmacology : advances and applications	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42238332	Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Subtype Distribution and Antiretroviral Drug Resistance among Treatment-naive Individuals in the Republic of Korea (2024-2025).	Public health weekly report	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42188636	New Furoisocoumarins with Phytotoxic Activity from the Fungus <i>Aspergillus calidoustus</i> VKM F-4916.	Toxins	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39948405	Preventing HIV in women in Africa.	Nature medicine	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40573348	Biomedical Interventions for HIV Prevention and Control: Beyond Vaccination.	Viruses	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42198321	Expanding the Gene Expression Profiling of Drug Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes to Include the Upper Female Reproductive Tract.	Pharmaceutics	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41325318	Treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS: Unfinished business.	PLoS medicine	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41809923	Highlights on HIV Prevention and Antiretroviral Therapy from the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI) 2025 and Expectations from CROI 2026.	Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40366148	Development and Characterization of Mucoadhesive Films Containing Metronidazole for Vaginal Drug Delivery.	Turkish journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39082334	Antiretroviral Drugs Impact Autophagy: Opportunities for Drug Repurposing.	Frontiers in bioscience (Landmark edition)	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41461070	Acceptability and Use of Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Chatbots for Sexual and Reproductive Health Among Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Women of Color in the United States: Cross-Sectional Survey Study.	Journal of medical Internet research	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40524206	Brief communication: characteristics of primary drug resistance in newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals in Ganzhou, China.	AIDS research and therapy	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40397371	Preference for Service Delivery for Long-Acting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection Among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in South Africa and Botswana.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40574054	Expanding the Toolbox of Biomedical HIV Prevention Options Through Innovative Design.	Pharmaceutics	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39339844	Treatment as the Best Prevention: Twice-Yearly Lenacapavir, a Game Changer in Ending the AIDS Epidemic.	Viruses	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41987600	Impact of Tenofovir Alafenamide Sub-Dermal Implant Insertion Site Scarring on Acceptability and HIV Prevention Preferences: A Prospective Cohort Study in Durban, South Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41217793	Twice-Yearly Injectable Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis With Lenacapavir: Redefining Adherence and Access in the Global Fight Against HIV.	Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42098649	Developing a surveillance system for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use in pregnancy in Malawi.	BMC pregnancy and childbirth	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40337372	Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Accelerate Polymerization Catalysis: A Toolkit for Miniaturized and Automated Kinetics Measurements.	ACS catalysis	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41316199	Knowledge, attitutes and perceptions of medical and pharmacy students about HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan.	BMC medical education	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40993613	PrEPared to choose: the protocol for an implementation study of the delivery of cabotegravir long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as an HIV prevention product option within a real world PrEP choice context in cape town.	BMC public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40256333	Community PrEP delivery for adolescent girls and young women: insights from the DREAMS PrEP Choice Study in Johannesburg, South Africa.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40826811	Design and Evaluation of Next-Generation HIV Genotyping for Detection of Resistance Mutations to 28 Antiretroviral Drugs Across 5 Major Classes Including Lenacapavir.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41635910	Ru(ii)-catalyzed regioselective (3 + 2)-annulation of anilines with allenes to access 2-vinylindoles.	Chemical science	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41200005	Willingness to switch to injectable cabotegravir among oral PrEP users in Durban, South Africa.	Health SA = SA Gesondheid	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40562405	Beyond barriers: The role of preexposure prophylaxis in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus in women.	The Journal of international medical research	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39561011	Transforming HIV prevention: the promise of long-acting preexposure prophylaxis in high HIV burden settings.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31623277	In Vitro Methods for Evaluating Drug Release of Vaginal Ring Formulations-A Critical Review.	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40891587	Maintain the gains: methods to evaluate the sustainability and scalability of HIV-related prevention, care, and treatment programs.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38517686	Challenges, risks, and opportunities of antiretroviral drugs in women of reproductive potential.	Expert review of anti-infective therapy	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39339960	New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs.	Viruses	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41084700	FDA-Approved HIV-1 Capsid Inhibition With Lenacapavir: A Paradigm Shift in Pre-exposure Prophylaxis.	Cureus	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41912737	Attribute development for a discrete choice experiment to examine preferences for long-acting HIV prevention products among pregnant and breastfeeding women.	Scientific reports	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41618349	Innovative HIV care strategies and health system resilience in conflict-affected settings.	Conflict and health	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36097755	Translational Models to Predict Target Concentrations for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Women.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41293037	Women's preferences for integrating multi-product pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery programs within services for sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health care in Uganda: a discrete choice experiment.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38655842	A Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Assess the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of a Tenofovir Alafenamide/Elvitegravir Insert Administered Rectally for HIV Prevention.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39719273	Developing HIV indicators for clinical care quality assessment: relevance and practicality evaluated by healthcare practitioners in South Africa and Democratic Republic of Congo.	BMJ open quality	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40475352	Long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis preferences among pregnant and postpartum women in Kenya: results from a discrete choice experiment.	AJOG global reports	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41400939	Weekly Oral Prophylaxis With MK-8527 Protects Rhesus Macaques From Intrarectal Challenge With Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Virus.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40466740	Drug and therapeutic intravaginal delivery targeting diseases in the female reproductive tract: A mathematical modeling perspective.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35090604	Where are the pregnant and breastfeeding women in new pre-exposure prophylaxis trials? The imperative to overcome the evidence gap.	The lancet. HIV	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41329772	Perceptions of pre-exposure prophylaxis among sexually active adolescent girls and young women in Zimbabwe-A qualitative study.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40655875	Advances in HIV Treatment and Vaccine Development: Emerging Therapies and Breakthrough Strategies for Long-Term Control.	AIDS research and treatment	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40611019	User preferences on long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa: a scoping review.	BMC public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42175517	Comparative effectiveness and safety of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based versus non-INSTI-based antiretroviral regimens in treatment-naïve people with HIV: A real-world retrospective cohort study.	Medicine	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38443447	gp120-derived amyloidogenic peptides form amyloid fibrils that increase HIV-1 infectivity.	Cellular & molecular immunology	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41645222	Person-centred HIV prevention services in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.	AIDS research and therapy	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40447283	Anal Sex and Tenofovir Douche Sequence Impacts Colorectal Distribution of HIV Surrogate and Douche: DREAM-02.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36561760	Women for science and science for women: Gaps, challenges and opportunities towards optimizing pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-1 prevention.	Frontiers in immunology	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40009209	From pregnancy to beyond: renewed emphasis on comprehensive HIV prevention in South Africa.	AIDS (London, England)	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	HIV Prevention at Drug Shops: Awareness and Attitudes among Shop Dispensers and Young women about Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis and the Dapivirine Ring in Shinyanga, Tanzania		2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
37332341	A Brief History and Advancement of Contraceptive Multipurpose Prevention Technology (cMPT) Products.	Open access journal of contraception	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38932243	Breakthrough Acute HIV Infections among Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Users with High Adherence: A Narrative Review.	Viruses	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40598755	The science at HIVR4P 2024: The era of choice in biomedical HIV prevention.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39196368	Preventing perinatal HIV acquisition; current gaps and future perspectives.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40433453	Multipurpose prevention technologies for the prevention of unintended pregnancy, HIV, and other sexually transmitted infections: regulatory pathways and challenges.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41048895	The contribution of PrEP programmes to triple elimination efforts: a cross-sectional study of status and opportunities.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40356940	Delivery models of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and their influence on uptake in South Africa: An integrative review.	Southern African journal of HIV medicine	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38200531	HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase homology model provides structural basis for sensitivity to existing nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Virology journal	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	HIV Prevention at Drug Shops: Awareness and Attitudes Among Shop Dispensers and Young Women About Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and The Dapivirine Ring in Shinyanga, Tanzania		2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40424215	Understanding PrEP misconceptions and their impact on PrEP initiation and use among pregnant and lactating women in Malawi.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35225248	Promise, perils and cautious optimism: the next frontier in long-acting modalities for the treatment and prevention of HIV.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Pharmacokinetics of Dapivirine Transfer into Blood Plasma, Breast Milk, and Cervicovaginal Fluid of Lactating Women Using the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring		2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24278679	The Need for Development of New HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in the Aftermath of Antiviral Drug Resistance.	Scientifica	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40733576	The Meandrous Route of Rilpivirine in the Search for the Miraculous Drug to Treat HIV Infections.	Viruses	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37053322	A brief history and future prospects of contraception.	Science (New York, N.Y.)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Safety_and_Pharmacokinetics_of_Dapivirine_Delivery.7		2020	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39956930	Preferences for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis formulations and delivery among young African women: results of a discrete choice experiment.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37765271	Three-Dimensionally Printed Vaginal Rings: Perceptions of Women and Gynecologists in a Cross-Sectional Survey.	Pharmaceutics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42224159	Implementation research for advancing health equity: Design and competency-based assessment of a short-term implementation research training program focused on health equity in global health.	PLOS global public health	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34856093	Challenges and Opportunities for Preexposure Prophylaxis.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41575706	Effectiveness of Integrating HIV Oral Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) and Family Planning: A Systematic Review of Initial Implementation Efforts in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.	AIDS and behavior	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36971951	The End Is in Sight: Current Strategies for the Elimination of HIV Vertical Transmission.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33800213	Early Colorectal Responses to HIV-1 and Modulation by Antiretroviral Drugs.	Vaccines	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23937980	Optimization of diarylazines as anti-HIV agents with dramatically enhanced solubility.	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Preferences and Acceptability for Long-Acting PrEP Agents Among Pregnant and Postpartum Women with Experience Using Daily Oral PrEP in South Africa and Kenya		2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33998936	Safety review of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis for pregnant women at risk of HIV infection.	Expert opinion on drug safety	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40427907	Sexual and Reproductive Health Behaviors Among Young Black Women in the U.S. Before the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights for Addressing Future Challenges in STI and Pregnancy Prevention Within Key Female Populations.	International journal of environmental research and public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37669412	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for the Prevention of HIV Infection: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force		2023	R2	Publication type is review and the title carries no randomised-trial signal. A secondary or non-report record cannot be a primary trial report. Systematic reviews excluded HERE belong to the published-synthesis comparison, which is a separate screen.
34390433	Inconsistent Counselor Fidelity in Delivering an Evidence-Based Adherence Intervention During a PrEP Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41873439	Pharmacological evaluation of an ex vivo cervicovaginal HIV prevention model.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	The future of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention: Provider perspectives		2023	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
33717022	Low <i>Bifidobacterium</i> Abundance in the Lower Gut Microbiota Is Associated With <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>-Related Gastric Ulcer and Gastric Cancer.	Frontiers in microbiology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39321900	Personalization of Intravaginal rings by droplet deposition modeling based 3D printing technology.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33864090	A combined assay for quantifying remdesivir and its metabolite, along with dexamethasone, in serum.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36208729	In vitro and ex vivo models for evaluating vaginal drug delivery systems.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40046034	Long-acting Antiretroviral Agents in the Prevention and Treatment of HIV/AIDS: A Review of Recent Advances in Sub-Saharan Africa.	International journal of MCH and AIDS	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39627860	The role of pharmacomicrobiomics in HIV prevention, treatment, and women's health.	Microbiome	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Integrating Gender-based Violence Screening and Support Into the Research Clinic Setting: Experiences From an HIV Prevention Open-label Extension Trial in Sub-saharan Africa		2022	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
40956864	The Promises and Prospects of Long-Acting Therapeutics for Treatment and Prevention of Infectious Diseases.	Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22386823	Overview of microbicides for the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus.	Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38134382	Extended Postexposure Protection Against Vaginal Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection With Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate/Elvitegravir Inserts in Macaques.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42306110	Sexually Transmitted Infections in adolescents and young adults: a growing public health challenge.	Le infezioni in medicina	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42148717	Prevotella bivia Influences Antiretroviral Pharmacokinetics and Viral Replication in an Ex Vivo Vaginal Tissue Model.	Clinical and translational science	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39717042	"Youth are experts in what they need": experiences and best practice in co-designing and implementing Fast-PrEP, a novel PrEP service for adolescents and youth in Cape Town, South Africa.	Frontiers in public health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37484873	Participant experiences with a multipurpose vaginal ring for HIV and pregnancy prevention during a phase 1 clinical trial: learning from users to improve acceptability.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39808074	Phase I Dose Volume Escalation of Rectally Administered PC-1005 to Assess Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Antiviral Pharmacodynamics as a Multipurpose Prevention Technology (MTN-037).	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40600501	Seizing the moment: the potential of PrEP choice and innovation to transform HIV prevention.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41745473	Marine-Derived Defenses Against HIV: Emerging Bioactive Molecules from the Seas.	Marine drugs	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41232854	A process-driven approach for manufacturing personalized intravaginal rings using droplet deposition modeling.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39873899	Antiretroviral Use for HIV Prevention During Pregnancy: The Need to Strengthen Regulatory and Surveillance Systems in Africa.	Drug safety	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37653242	Structure of the preholoproteasome reveals late steps in proteasome core particle biogenesis.	Nature structural & molecular biology	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41154696	Natural Compounds with Antiviral Activity Against Clinically Relevant RNA Viruses: Advances of the Last Decade.	Biomolecules	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39609662	Evaluating compliance with quality indicators of HIV and AIDS clinical care and analyzing those associated with mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo.	BMC infectious diseases	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32930408	Optimizing Pharmacology Studies in Pregnant and Lactating Women Using Lessons From HIV: A Consensus Statement.	Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35192655	Acceptability of an extended duration vaginal ring for HIV prevention and interest in a multi-purpose ring.	PloS one	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34141053	Joint modeling of time-varying HIV exposure and infection for estimation of per-act efficacy in HIV prevention trials.	Statistical communications in infectious diseases	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31222499	Current and Future PrEP Medications and Modalities: On-demand, Injectables, and Topicals.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40933086	Polymeric nanomaterials as a drug delivery system for anticancer and antibacterial infections: a review.	RSC advances	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37927439	Prevention strategies for sexually transmitted infections, HIV, and viral hepatitis in Europe.	The Lancet regional health. Europe	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37315512	CROI 2023: Epidemiologic Trends and Prevention for HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24791029	Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'-<i>O</i>-Dicarboxylic Fatty Acyl Monoester Derivatives of Anti-HIV Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.	Tetrahedron letters	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41990088	Rapid diagnostic tests, laboratory-based immunoassay and nucleic acid testing strategies for long-acting injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.	PLoS medicine	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42198764	In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Properties of MK-2048, a Potent Drug Candidate for HIV Prevention.	Viruses	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37727532	Program impact and potential pitfalls of multi-purpose technologies (MPTs) for HIV prevention and contraception.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23899617	Extension into the entrance channel of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase--crystallography and enhanced solubility.	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41012620	The Use of Nonhuman Primate Models for Advancing HIV PrEP.	Viruses	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41709173	HIV-1 genetic diversity and pretreatment drug resistance in Xishuangbanna, a China-Myanmar-Laos border region.	BMC infectious diseases	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35762373	The future of long-acting agents for preexposure prophylaxis.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39650692	HIV preexposure prophylaxis and postexposure prophylaxis in women: a comprehensive guide for healthcare providers.	Therapeutic advances in infectious disease	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22733071	Antiviral drug resistance and the need for development of new HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32801927	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) in the Prevention of HIV: Strategies, Target Populations and Upcoming Treatments.	HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41296165	Barriers, beliefs, and biomedical prevention: a qualitative study of PrEP among justice-involved peripregnant women who use drugs.	Health & justice	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34758183	Multiplexed Small-Molecule-Ligand Binding Assays by Affinity Labeling and DNA Sequence Analysis.	Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37513771	From Innovation to Implementation: The Evolution of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Future Implications.	Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41834804	Bridging HIV prevention and sexual reproductive health services in the context of multi-method PrEP: a qualitative study exploring provider perceptions in South Africa.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37751130	Challenges and Solutions to STI Control in the Era of HIV and STI Prophylaxis.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Simultaneous <i>in vivo</i> Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of TDF Intravaginal Ring during High-dose Vaginal SHIV Challenge in Pigtail Macaques		2021	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41504814	Nanoparticles in HIV treatment for improved drug delivery, clinical translation, and future direction.	Discover nano	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38656915	A decade of PrEP: the evolution of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis content and sentiments in South African print news media, 2012-2021.	Culture, health & sexuality	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41869811	Mucosal tenofovir 1% gel stimulates cell proliferation and type I/III interferon pathways.	Microbiology spectrum	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39142289	CROI 2024: Global Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41568085	Pre-exposure prophylaxis in Guyana: linking key populations and other vulnerable groups.	IJID regions	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38563531	Behavioral carry-over effect and power consideration in crossover trials.	Biometrics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33766006	Acceptability and feasibility of the CHARISMA counseling intervention to support women's use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: results of a pilot study.	BMC women's health	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40934031	Organosilicon Precursors for Efficient Aromatic Copper-Mediated Radiocyanation.	Chem	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41550634	Artificial intelligence in human immunodeficiency virus mutation prediction and drug design: Advancing personalized treatment and prevention.	Pharmaceutical science advances	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31540474	A Novel CXCR4 Targeting Protein SDF-1/54 as an HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor.	Viruses	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40088909	Safety, tolerability, and acceptability of long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender female adolescents (HPTN 084-01): a single-arm, open-label, phase 2b trial.	The lancet. HIV	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20231400	Persistent interactions between biguanide-based compound NB325 and CXCR4 result in prolonged inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40569865	Uptake and patterns of PEP use within the context of a dynamic choice HIV prevention model in rural Uganda and Kenya: SEARCH Study.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40340782	Comparative study on drug encapsulation and release kinetics in extracellular vesicles loaded with snake venom L - amino acid oxidase.	BMC pharmacology & toxicology	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38846614	Preference for novel biomedical HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis methods among adolescent girls and young women in Kampala, Uganda: a mixed methods study.	Frontiers in public health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39153025	Meta-analysis of Pregnancy Events in Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Gender Transformative Trials.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42003587	Preclinical evaluation of high-dose Griffithsin carrageenan fast-dissolving insert for HIV, HSV-2, and HPV prevention.	Microbiology spectrum	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41537575	Knowledge, attitudes and practices of primary care nurses regarding human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis in Mhlontlo sub-district municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa.	South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40006008	Evaluation of Drug Permeation Enhancement by Using In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models.	Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30788221	Induction of pigment production through media composition, abiotic and biotic factors in two filamentous fungi.	Biotechnology reports (Amsterdam, Netherlands)	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37235306	The State of the HIV Epidemic in the Philippines: Progress and Challenges in 2023.	Tropical medicine and infectious disease	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37439050	Shaping and coordinating the implementation science agenda for injectable cabotegravir for PrEP: the role of the Biomedical Prevention Implementation Collaborative (BioPIC).	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38051383	Awareness of Heightened Sexual and Behavioral Vulnerability as a Trigger for PrEP Resumption Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in East and Southern Africa.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20368766	Advances in the Development of Microbicides for the Prevention of HIV Infection.	Current infectious disease reports	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39852565	Study of the Interplay Among Melt Morphology, Rheology and 3D Printability of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxyvalerate) Blends.	Journal of functional biomaterials	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41305532	Gonadocorticoids Have Different Effects on the Expression of Toll-like Receptors When Infected with Various HIV-1 Subtypes.	Viruses	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23375046	M48U1 CD4 mimetic has a sustained inhibitory effect on cell-associated HIV-1 by attenuating virion infectivity through gp120 shedding.	Retrovirology	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39395424	Dynamic choice HIV prevention with cabotegravir long-acting injectable in rural Uganda and Kenya: a randomised trial extension.	The lancet. HIV	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31346035	The anti-parasitic drug suramin potently inhibits formation of seminal amyloid fibrils and their interaction with HIV-1.	The Journal of biological chemistry	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41557259	Nurse-Led Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Delivery to Adolescent Girls and Young Women Accessing Family Planning Services: A Pilot Study in Uganda.	The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38633717	HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Central and Eastern Europe-Gains and Challenges in An Ever-Changing World.	Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34499731	Long-acting antiretrovirals: a new era for the management and prevention of HIV infection.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41108428	HIV Prevention Patterns Among a Population-Based Sample of HIV Negative Young Women in Eswatini.	AIDS and behavior	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27485603	Computer-aided discovery of anti-HIV agents.	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41174517	FastPrEP: a protocol to evaluate uptake, coverage, and effectiveness of a youth-focused, decentralised and differentiated district-wide HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis program.	BMC public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34784355	Pregnant and breastfeeding women's prospective acceptability of two biomedical HIV prevention approaches in Sub Saharan Africa: A multisite qualitative analysis using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability.	PloS one	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
15388420	A series of diaryltriazines and diarylpyrimidines are highly potent nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors with possible applications as microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2004	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41179307	Missed HIV prevention opportunities: the PrEP cascade among pregnant or parenting adolescent girls and young women in South Africa.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37221330	Experience with Contraceptive Dosage Forms and Interest in Novel PrEP Technologies in Women.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18230722	High-resolution structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase/TMC278 complexes: strategic flexibility explains potency against resistance mutations.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36728264	A Note on Preexposure Prophylaxis Preferences Among Women Who Inject Drugs.	Sexually transmitted diseases	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41059581	Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation, continuation and adherence among pregnant and postpartum women receiving antenatal and postnatal care: a systematic review.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40021388	Considerations for capsid-targeting antiretrovirals in pre-exposure prophylaxis.	Trends in molecular medicine	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41678009	Interest in Long-Acting PrEP by Methamphetamine Use Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Four Western US Cities.	AIDS and behavior	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25335841	Microbicides and their potential as a catalyst for multipurpose sexual and reproductive health technologies.	BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40006623	Recent Advances in Studying In Vitro Drug Permeation Across Mucosal Membranes.	Pharmaceutics	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	2519 : A quantitative disintegration method to evaluate polymeric films	Journal of clinical and translational science	2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
41188677	Applications and challenges of 3D printing in female reproductive system research.	3D printing in medicine	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41700635	Mechanism-Based Predictions of Local Tissue and Systemic Exposure for Drug Products Delivered Through the Female Reproductive Tract.	Journal of clinical pharmacology	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38273282	Creating allies: qualitative exploration of young women's preferences for PrEP methods and parents' role in PrEP uptake and user support in urban and rural Zambia.	BMC women's health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41394015	Phone calls to enhance PrEP persistence among Kenyan women accessing postabortal care: a cluster randomized trial.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39985280	Characterizing HIV seroconversions among a cohort of oral PrEP users in South Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41476931	Recent Advances in HIV/AIDS Prevention: Focusing on Antiretroviral Therapy.	Jugan geon-gang gwa jilbyeong	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41754397	Detection of HIV-1 Resistance Mutations to Antiretroviral Therapy and Cell Tropism in Russian Patients Using Next-Generation Sequencing.	Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40612765	HIV PrEP programmes as a framework for diagnosing and treating HBV infection in adolescents and young adults in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.	Journal of virus eradication	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41303466	Electrohydrodynamic Coating with Acyclovir PLGA Conjugate for Antiviral Functionalization of Medical Surfaces.	International journal of molecular sciences	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39773105	Preferences for and acceptability of long-acting HIV prevention products among pregnant and lactating women accessing health services in Kenya: a mixed method cross-sectional analysis.	BMC infectious diseases	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36771111	Co-Encapsulation of Drugs for Topical Application-A Review.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18606986	The paradoxical effects of using antiretroviral-based microbicides to control HIV epidemics.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20950436	Selective killing of human immunodeficiency virus infected cells by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-induced activation of HIV protease.	Retrovirology	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41173933	Decision-making and acceptability of subcutaneously administered broadly neutralising monoclonal antibodies for HIV prevention amongst CAPRISA 012A trial participants in Durban, South Africa.	Scientific reports	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36251124	The importance of assessing and addressing mental health barriers to PrEP use during pregnancy and postpartum in sub-Saharan Africa: state of the science and research priorities.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40143346	Structural Virology: The Key Determinants in Development of Antiviral Therapeutics.	Viruses	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40835934	Postpartum women's prospective acceptability of long-acting HIV prevention approaches in Kenya: a qualitative study.	BMC health services research	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41497304	Overview of dendrimers as promising drug delivery systems with insight into anticancer and anti-microbial applications.	International journal of pharmaceutics: X	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37896769	Strategies in the Design and Development of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs).	Viruses	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19704127	Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 recombinant reverse transcriptase enzymes containing the G190A and Y181C resistance mutations remain sensitive to etravirine.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37120482	Discovery of diarylpyrimidine derivatives bearing piperazine sulfonyl as potent HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Communications chemistry	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38812690	Development and emerging trends of drug resistance mutations in HIV: a bibliometric analysis based on CiteSpace.	Frontiers in microbiology	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39561043	Long-acting antiretroviral therapy in low-income and middle-income countries: considerations for roll-out.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34372059	Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Oral, Parenteral, and Vaginal Dosage Forms for Prevention of HIV/STIs and Unplanned Pregnancy.	Polymers	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40470959	Heat shock protein 90 chaperone activity is required for hepatitis A virus replication.	Journal of virology	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36285619	The effectiveness, feasibility and acceptability of HIV service delivery at private pharmacies in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38890744	Enhancing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis outcomes among Kenyan adolescent girls and young women with a novel pharmacy-based PrEP delivery platform: protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial.	Trials	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33507067	Avoiding Drug Resistance in HIV Reverse Transcriptase.	Chemical reviews	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37971137	Cytogenetic changes in oral mucosa cells from individuals submitted to oral human immunodeficiency virus pre-exposure prophylaxis use.	Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41961901	A Review on Medicinal Chemistry and Biological Activity of Dihydropyrimidinones Against HIV.	Archiv der Pharmazie	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41769265	Drug Polymer Nanoparticles: An Advancement in Biomedical Solutions and Targeted Drug Delivery.	Drug design, development and therapy	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38326360	Antioxidant, antibacterial, and molecular docking of methyl ferulate and oleic acid produced by Aspergillus pseudodeflectus AUMC 15761 utilizing wheat bran.	Scientific reports	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41325343	Using the health belief model to examine adolescent participation in HIV prevention research in Kampala, Uganda: A qualitative study.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28812207	The Vaginal Microbiome and its Potential to Impact Efficacy of HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Women.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39839315	Disclosure of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis use for HIV prevention among women enrolled in a contraceptive study: qualitative findings from Durban, South Africa.	Frontiers in global women's health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40610433	Iron(III)-catalyzed activation of C(sp<sup>2</sup>)-H and C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-H bonds for H/D exchange of arenes.	Nature communications	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40060938	Control of HIV across the WHO European region: progress and remaining challenges.	The Lancet regional health. Europe	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38019657	Tenofovir Douche as HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis for Receptive Anal Intercourse: Safety, Acceptability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics (DREAM 01).	The Journal of infectious diseases	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41249973	Engagement of adolescent girls and young women into an early oral PrEP open-label study in Southern Africa: lessons learned from HPTN 082.	BMC public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40041042	A comparison of acceptability of contraceptive vaginal rings, pills, and injectables among cisgender women in Kenya and Zimbabwe: protocol for a mixed-methods study.	Gates open research	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34069590	The Vaginal Microbiota, Bacterial Biofilms and Polymeric Drug-Releasing Vaginal Rings.	Pharmaceutics	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Optimising combinatorial microbicide delivery for prevention of colorectal HIV infection		2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39602421	Progress Toward UNAIDS Global HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Targets: CDC-Supported Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis - 37 Countries, 2017─2023.	MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41663086	Profiles of Willingness to Use Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Modalities and an HIV Vaccine Among Sexual and Gender Minority Individuals in Brazil, Mexico, and Peru: Cross-Sectional Online Survey.	JMIR public health and surveillance	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38346420	Mapping Colorectal Distribution of Cell-free and Cell-associated HIV Surrogates Following Simulated Anal Intercourse to Aid Rectal Microbicide Development.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35682181	Voluntary Counseling and Testing, Antiretroviral Therapy Access, and HIV-Related Stigma: Global Progress and Challenges.	International journal of environmental research and public health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40852630	Development of synthetic chloride transporters using high-throughput screening and machine learning.	Digital discovery	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29685648	PrEParing Women to Prevent HIV: An Integrated Theoretical Framework to PrEP Black Women in the United States.	The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35763413	Population-Level Correlation Between Incidence of Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Among African Women Participating in HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Trials.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35984551	HIV Prevention Tools Across the Pregnancy Continuum: What Works, What Does Not, and What Can We Do Differently?	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39725977	Barriers to PrEP use and adherence among adolescent girls and young women in Eastern, Southern, and Western Africa: a scoping review.	BMC women's health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37963267	Strategies to Eliminate Inequity in PrEP Services in the US South and Rural Communities.	The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40779595	Willingness of adolescent girls and young women to participate in future clinical trials of long-acting PrEP implants for HIV prevention, Kampala Uganda.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28770490	A Dose Ranging Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of IQP-0528 Released from Intravaginal Rings in Non-Human Primates.	Pharmaceutical research	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27482454	HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for women.	Journal of virus eradication	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32409667	In situ 3D-patterning of electrospun fibers using two-layer composite materials.	Scientific reports	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35190430	PrEP distribution in pharmacies: a systematic review.	BMJ open	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38390016	[Tropical sexually transmitted infections Summary of the SFMTSI Scientific Day of November 9, 2023].	Medecine tropicale et sante internationale	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31030301	Hygiene, Blood Flow, and Vaginal Overload: Why Women Removed an HIV Prevention Vaginal Ring During Menstruation in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe.	AIDS and behavior	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40100484	Drug repositioning as a promising approach for the eradication of emerging and re-emerging viral agents.	Molecular diversity	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40824910	Development and evaluation of an online HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) training program for community pharmacists to implement pharmacy-led PrEP services in Malaysia.	PloS one	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30059507	Cryopreservation of human mucosal tissues.	PloS one	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32492704	The Potential Impact of Long-Acting Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention in South Africa: A Mathematical Modeling Study.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30731150	Vaginal rings with exposed cores for sustained delivery of the HIV CCR5 inhibitor 5P12-RANTES.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36246609	Pharmacogenomics of drug transporters for antiretroviral long-acting pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV.	Frontiers in genetics	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34203714	Recent Advances in Polymer-Based Vaginal Drug Delivery Systems.	Pharmaceutics	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30963509	Drug Resistance During HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.	Drugs	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36051893	Impact of daily, oral pre-exposure prophylaxis on the risk of bacterial sexually transmitted infections among cisgender women: a systematic review and narrative synthesis.	Wellcome open research	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36297645	Advancements in Rectal Drug Delivery Systems: Clinical Trials, and Patents Perspective.	Pharmaceutics	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35294694	Color, Scent and Size: Exploring Women's Preferences Around Design Characteristics of Drug-Releasing Vaginal Rings.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24188705	Rectal pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).	Antiviral research	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30289435	Phase 1 Safety and Pharmacokinetics Study of MK-2048/Vicriviroc (MK-4176)/MK-2048A Intravaginal Rings.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30516990	The Journey of HIV-1 Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) from Lab to Clinic.	Journal of medicinal chemistry	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28384179	An intravaginal ring for real-time evaluation of adherence to therapy.	PloS one	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29901863	Pharmacology of Antiretrovirals in the Female Genital Tract for HIV Prevention.	Journal of clinical pharmacology	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19194802	Vaginal drug delivery systems for HIV prevention.	The AAPS journal	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37640457	Extended safety and tolerability of subcutaneous CAP256V2LS and VRC07-523LS in HIV-negative women: study protocol for the randomised, placebo-controlled double-blinded, phase 2 CAPRISA 012C trial.	BMJ open	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41880294	Synergistic antifungal activity of antiretrovirals with amphotericin B against Aspergillus species.	PloS one	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29788316	Efficacy of Vaginally Administered Gel Containing Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Against Repeated Rectal Simian Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposures in Macaques.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36951281	Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Pregnant and Lactating People in 18 PEPFAR-Supported Countries: A Review of HIV Strategies and Guidelines.	Global health, science and practice	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36102052	"<i>I didn't support PrEP because I didn't know what it was</i>": Inadequate information undermines male partner support for young women's pre-exposure prophylaxis use in western Kenya.	African journal of AIDS research : AJAR	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23612991	Rectal microbicide development.	Current topics in microbiology and immunology	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41644158	Doravirine versus dolutegravir-based regimen in antiretroviral treatment-naive people living with HIV-1 (ANRS0392s ELDORADO): protocol for an international, open-label, randomised, non-inferiority, phase III trial.	BMJ open	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39644439	Understanding the Drivers of CAB PrEP Uptake and Use among Women in sub-Saharan Africa to Build Demand for New PrEP Methods.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36423375	Single dose topical inserts containing tenofovir alafenamide fumarate and elvitegravir provide pre- and post-exposure protection against vaginal SHIV infection in macaques.	EBioMedicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31550193	Generating CHARISMA: Development of an Intervention to Help Women Build Agency and Safety in Their Relationships While Using PrEP for HIV Prevention.	AIDS education and prevention : official publication of the International Society for AIDS Education	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40569890	Modelling the impact of initiation delay, duration and prior PrEP on the efficacy of post-exposure prophylaxis containing a tenofovir/emtricitabine backbone.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21836811	Multipurpose prevention technologies: biomedical tools to prevent HIV-1, HSV-2, and unintended pregnancies.	Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33325126	After their wives have delivered, a lot of men like going out: Perceptions of HIV transmission risk and support for HIV prevention methods during breastfeeding in sub-Saharan Africa.	Maternal & child nutrition	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39633537	Long-acting preexposure prophylaxis: early data on roll-out in the United States.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31408030	Social harms in female-initiated HIV prevention method research: state of the evidence.	AIDS (London, England)	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34323229	Recent Advances and New Challenges in Cisgender Women's Gynecologic and Obstetric Health in the Context of HIV.	Clinical obstetrics and gynecology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32552187	Long-acting approaches for delivery of antiretroviral drugs for prevention and treatment of HIV: a review of recent research.	Expert opinion on drug delivery	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31661775	Novel Approaches for the Delivery of Anti-HIV Drugs-What Is New?	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41225339	The safety of cabotegravir in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	BMC infectious diseases	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20571421	Youth-specific considerations in the development of preexposure prophylaxis, microbicide, and vaccine research trials.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40600502	Estimated impact of long-acting injectable PrEP in South Africa: a model comparison analysis.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	2529 : Clinical determinants of clopidogrel responsiveness in a heterogeneous cohort of Caribbean Hispanics	Journal of clinical and translational science	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36723489	Safety and efficacy of long-acting injectable cabotegravir as preexposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV acquisition.	AIDS (London, England)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29881781	Nanoparticle Encapsulation for Antiretroviral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.	Journal of nanotechnology and materials science	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39349906	Preferences for Delivery of HIV Prevention Services Among Healthcare Users in South Africa: A Discrete Choice Experiment.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28111528	Microbicidas Metodo de Prevencion en VIH/SIDA Controlado por Mujeres.	Hispanic health care international : the official journal of the National Association of Hispanic Nurses	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40531823	Association between substance use and PrEP adherence among adolescent girls and young women enrolled in an HIV prevention study in Southern Africa.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30289444	Phase 1 Pharmacokinetic Trial of 2 Intravaginal Rings Containing Different Dose Strengths of Vicriviroc (MK-4176) and MK-2048.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41628095	The sustainability of public health programs following donor transition: A comparative case study of HIV services and maternal and newborn care in Uganda.	PloS one	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40412401	Development, launch, and scale-up of health products in low-income and middle-income countries: a retrospective analysis on 59 health products.	The Lancet. Global health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22468220	The importance of the vaginal delivery route for antiretrovirals in HIV prevention.	Therapeutic delivery	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34323226	Contraceptive Technologies: Looking Ahead to New Approaches to Increase Options for Family Planning.	Clinical obstetrics and gynecology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28600755	A Review of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: The Female Perspective.	Infectious diseases and therapy	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25323132	Protein and oligonucleotide delivery systems for vaginal microbicides against viral STIs.	Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	The role of drug transporters in development of optimised microbicides against HIV-1		2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
22083472	In vitro activities of candidate microbicides against cell-associated HIV.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38004562	The Potential of Films as Transmucosal Drug Delivery Systems.	Pharmaceutics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36538544	Understanding the role of men in women's use of the vaginal ring and oral PrEP during pregnancy and breastfeeding: multi-stakeholder perspectives.	African journal of AIDS research : AJAR	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37439082	Securing accelerated access to long-acting injectable cabotegravir for HIV prevention in low- and middle-income countries.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31320290	Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate intravaginal ring for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in sexually active women: a phase 1, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial.	The lancet. HIV	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40109100	Susceptibility to Lenacapavir Among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Positive Patients Followed Up in Mozambique That Presented With Primary Antiretroviral Resistance to Other Classes.	Journal of medical virology	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34716835	The Role of Families in Adolescent and Young Adults' PrEP Use.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29760551	Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery to treat infections in the female reproductive tract: evaluation of experimental systems and the potential for mathematical modeling.	International journal of nanomedicine	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	In vitro models to measure antiretroviral drug permeability at vaginal mucosa		2017	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
39964676	HIV diagnosis during acute infection: implications of long-acting preexposure prophylaxis and other evolving challenges.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31226165	Reaching at-risk women for PrEP delivery: What can we learn from clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa?	PloS one	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39534675	Preferences for pre-exposure prophylaxis delivery among HIV-negative pregnant and breastfeeding women in Zambia: evidence from a discrete choice experiment.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31919240	Copper intrauterine device use and HIV acquisition in women: a systematic review.	BMJ sexual & reproductive health	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35727647	Long-Acting Injectable Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Preferred Over Other Modalities Among People Who Inject Drugs: Findings from a Qualitative Study in California.	AIDS patient care and STDs	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35776249	Couples' decision making regarding the use of multipurpose prevention technology (MPT) for pregnancy and HIV prevention.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34265283	Adoption of guidelines on and use of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis: a global summary and forecasting study.	The lancet. HIV	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26295229	Double Variational Binding--(SMILES) Conformational Analysis by Docking Mechanisms for Anti-HIV Pyrimidine Ligands.	International journal of molecular sciences	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39812953	HIV Prevention in Syringe Service Programs Since the Start of COVID-19: Where Do We Go From Here?	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26400459	The potential of HIV-1 nanotherapeutics: from in vitro studies to clinical trials.	Nanomedicine (London, England)	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
42167121	HIV-1 virome profiling using HIV-PULSE to guide therapeutic and curative interventions.	EBioMedicine	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41152951	"Breastfeeding is difficult": a qualitative exploration of exclusive breastfeeding among HIV-positive mothers in Eldoret, Kenya.	International breastfeeding journal	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37651432	Exploring user and stakeholder perspectives from South Africa and Uganda to refine microarray patch development for HIV PrEP delivery and as a multipurpose prevention technology.	PloS one	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41275419	Evolving landscape of economic evaluations of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and pre-exposure prophylaxis implementation strategies: a systematic review.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33932543	Nanotechnology-based approaches for emerging and re-emerging viruses: Special emphasis on COVID-19.	Microbial pathogenesis	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36156593	HIV prevention for the next decade: Appropriate, person-centred, prioritised, effective, combination prevention.	PLoS medicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27437826	First-in-Human Trial of MIV-150 and Zinc Acetate Coformulated in a Carrageenan Gel: Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Acceptability, Adherence, and Pharmacodynamics.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38992225	Ensuring People Living with HIV Inform the Future of HIV Treatment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for a Community-Led Research Agenda.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22551420	MiniCD4 protein resistance mutations affect binding to the HIV-1 gp120 CD4 binding site and decrease entry efficiency.	Retrovirology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40522992	Contraception and PrEP knowledge, attitudes, and practices among adolescent girls and young women in Nampula, Mozambique.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Investigating barriers and enablers to the routine provision of HIV PrEP in community pharmacies in London		2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29747409	Sustained Release Drug Delivery Applications of Polyurethanes.	Pharmaceutics	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37439078	Voluntary licensing of long-acting HIV prevention and treatment regimens: using a proven collaboration- and competition-based mechanism to rapidly expand at-scale, sustainable, quality-assured and affordable supplies in LMICs.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40064412	Preference, adherence, and acceptability of 3 nonmedicated intravaginal rings of differing external diameters: a randomized, crossover trial.	American journal of obstetrics and gynecology	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30877580	A Mixed-Methods Study Examining Adherence to and Acceptability of Intravaginal Rings for HIV Prevention: Behavioral Results of MTN-027.	AIDS and behavior	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33721260	HIV Pathogenesis in the Human Female Reproductive Tract.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41291024	Enhancing antiretroviral delivery to secondary lymph nodes by targeting CD169 + macrophages with HIV-mimicking nanoparticles.	Scientific reports	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38542195	Navigating the Nexus: HIV and Breast Cancer-A Critical Review.	International journal of molecular sciences	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26517190	Resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection.	Future microbiology	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40991645	Facilitators and barriers to contraceptive uptake and use: Perspectives of female students in South Africa and lessons for quality provision of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis.	PloS one	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36322219	Integrating Adolescent Mental Health into HIV Prevention and Treatment Programs: Can Implementation Science Pave the Path Forward?	AIDS and behavior	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39665036	Ecology meets reproductive medicine in HIV prevention: the case for geography-informed approaches for bacterial vaginosis in Africa.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33414070	Avoiding a Sticky Situation: Bypassing the Mucus Barrier for Improved Local Drug Delivery.	Trends in molecular medicine	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33748879	Nanotechnology advances in pathogen- and host-targeted antiviral delivery: multipronged therapeutic intervention for pandemic control.	Drug delivery and translational research	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40880004	Empowering Women's PrEP Choices: Qualitative Insights into Long-Acting PrEP Preferences and Decision-Making during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding in South Africa and Botswana.	AIDS and behavior	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	2025 : Institutional and community involvement establishing ARresearch.org and innovative recruitment results in diverse registrants	Journal of clinical and translational science	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23659183	Bifunctional inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase: mechanism and proof-of-concept as a novel therapeutic design strategy.	Journal of medicinal chemistry	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38250627	Study design approaches for future active-controlled HIV prevention trials.	Statistical communications in infectious diseases	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30199098	HIV Antiretroviral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Development Challenges and Pipeline Promise.	Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18372072	Mechanisms of inhibition of HIV replication by non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Virus research	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39981604	Acceptability of an annual tenofovir alafenamide implant for HIV prevention in South African women: findings from the CAPRISA 018 Phase I clinical trial.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34969254	Users' Preferred Characteristics of Vaginal Rings for HIV Prevention: A Qualitative Analysis of Two Phase I Trials.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31374941	Topical Inserts: A Versatile Delivery Form for HIV Prevention.	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34985607	Preferences for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Products Among Black Women in the U.S.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39465464	South African Parents' and Grandparents' Perspectives on the Acceptability of Implant Delivery of Treatment to Young Children with HIV.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31043134	"The state of mind tells me it's dirty": menstrual shame amongst women using a vaginal ring in Sub Saharan Africa.	Women & health	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35907873	Toward an intravaginal device to detect risk of preterm labor: a user-centered design approach in Sub-Saharan Africa.	Reproductive health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24664786	Topical microbicides and HIV prevention in the female genital tract.	Journal of clinical pharmacology	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34860304	PrEParing for NextGen: Cognitive Interviews to Improve Next Generation PrEP Modality Descriptions for Young Men Who have Sex with Men.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31560958	Delineating the effects of hot-melt extrusion on the performance of a polymeric film using artificial neural networks and an evolutionary algorithm.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35323105	Catalyzing action on HIV/SRH integration: lessons from Kenya, Malawi, and Zimbabwe to spur investment.	Global health action	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28208122	A Conversation Among the IAS-USA Board of Directors: Hot Topics and Emerging Data in HIV Research and Care.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20881955	Pharmacologic opportunities for HIV prevention.	Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
17042959	Role of seminal plasma in the anti-HIV-1 activity of candidate microbicides.	BMC infectious diseases	2006	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20954882	Antiretroviral-based HIV prevention strategies for women.	Expert review of anti-infective therapy	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24409341	HIV PrEP Trials: The Road to Success.	Clinical investigation	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31703094	Vaginal ring acceptability and related preferences among women in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis.	PloS one	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40001055	Investigating facilitators and barriers to the routine provision of HIV PrEP in community pharmacies in London.	BMC health services research	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32082142	Modeling HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.	Frontiers in pharmacology	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32575585	Potent and Selective Activity against Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) of <i>Thymelaea hirsuta</i> Extracts.	Viruses	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33321835	Emergence of Nanotechnology to Fight HIV Sexual Transmission: The Trip of G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer to Possible Pre-Clinical Trials.	International journal of molecular sciences	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36112336	Long-Acting Injectable Cabotegravir for HIV Prevention: What Do We Know and Need to Know about the Risks and Consequences of Cabotegravir Resistance?	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25965956	A temperature-monitoring vaginal ring for measuring adherence.	PloS one	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37125616	Nano drug-delivery systems for management of AIDS: liposomes, dendrimers, gold and silver nanoparticles.	Nanomedicine (London, England)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39972962	Spatial and temporal trends in HIV/AIDS burden among South Asian countries from 1990 to 2021: A systematic examination of the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.	HIV medicine	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27721488	CD4-mimetic sulfopeptide conjugates display sub-nanomolar anti-HIV-1 activity and protect macaques against a SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge.	Scientific reports	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27347270	HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities.	The open AIDS journal	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23109186	Partial protection against multiple RT-SHIV162P3 vaginal challenge of rhesus macaques by a silicone elastomer vaginal ring releasing the NNRTI MC1220.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39164932	Modeling of HIV-1 prophylactic efficacy and toxicity with islatravir shows non-superiority for oral dosing, but promise as a subcutaneous implant.	CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37634942	A decision support tool has similar high PrEP uptake and increases early PrEP persistence in adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: results from a randomized controlled trial.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21424725	Topical prophylaxis for HIV prevention in women: becoming a reality.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25673022	Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection: current status, future opportunities and challenges.	Drugs	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40457089	Motivations for Starting and Stopping PrEP: Experiences of Adolescent Girls and Young Women in the HPTN 082 Trial.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36006246	Long-Acting Injectable Drugs for HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: Considerations for Africa.	Tropical medicine and infectious disease	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26556193	Microbicides for the Treatment of Sexually Transmitted HIV Infections.	Journal of pharmaceutics	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19666220	Discovery of diarylpyridine derivatives as novel non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38695101	Exploring adolescent girls and young women's PrEP-user profiles: qualitative insights into differentiated PrEP delivery platform selection and engagement in Cape Town, South Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41368666	"I will take PrEP because that's what will help me not to get infected with HIV": barriers to and facilitators of pre-exposure prophylaxis and condom use among adolescent girls and young women enrolled in a school-based HIV prevention program in South Africa.	Frontiers in public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39099547	Barriers to Oral PrEP: A Qualitative Study of Female Sex Workers, PrEP Prescribers, Policymakers, and Community Advocates in Morocco.	Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25797064	Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in mucosal tissue.	Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39004714	Perception of couples' on multipurpose prevention technology attribute choice: the case of MTN 045.	BMC public health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Global Adoption of Guidelines on and Use of Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP): Current Situation and Future Projections		2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29882846	Approaches in Polymeric Nanoparticles for Vaginal Drug Delivery: A Review of the State of the Art.	International journal of molecular sciences	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39835297	Deciphering Immunometabolic Landscape in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Integrative Multiomics, Explainable Machine Learning and Experimental Validation.	Journal of inflammation research	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39746588	An updated overview on long-acting therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from a perspective of pharmaceutics.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38250832	Rational Design and Characterization of Trispecific Antibodies Targeting the HIV-1 Receptor and Envelope Glycoprotein.	Vaccines	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39046639	PrEP Method Switching: Will it Yield Greater Coverage of HIV Protection? Applying Lessons Learned from Family Planning to Guide Future Research in the Context of PrEP Choice.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34107163	Nanoparticle delivery system, highly active antiretroviral therapy, and testicular morphology: The role of stereology.	Pharmacology research & perspectives	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26055369	ADS-J1 inhibits semen-derived amyloid fibril formation and blocks fibril-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 infection.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39779628	Experiences with Oral Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Service Delivery and Use Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women (AGYW) in Routine Primary Care Settings, South Africa.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22098355	Advances in HIV microbicide development.	Future medicinal chemistry	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34782691	Preferences regarding emerging HIV prevention technologies among Toronto men who have sex with men: a discrete choice experiment.	Scientific reports	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37465533	Strategic actions to advance multipurpose prevention technologies in low- and middle-income countries.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36346701	CROI 2022: epidemiologic trends and prevention for HIV and SARS-CoV-2.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31069957	End-user preference for and choice of four vaginally delivered HIV prevention methods among young women in South Africa and Zimbabwe: the Quatro Clinical Crossover Study.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36473203	Feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of integrating HIV prevention into an adolescent empowerment and livelihood intervention at youth clubs in rural Uganda.	AIDS care	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35009472	Recent Advances in the Excipients Used in Modified Release Vaginal Formulations.	Materials (Basel, Switzerland)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24859035	Pharmacokinetics of antiretrovirals in genital secretions and anatomic sites of HIV transmission: implications for HIV prevention.	Clinical pharmacokinetics	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34878438	Genital Mucosal Drug Concentrations and anti-HIV Activity in Tenofovir-Based PrEP Products: Intravaginal Ring vs. Oral Administration.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22507927	Antiviral agents and HIV prevention: controversies, conflicts, and consensus.	AIDS (London, England)	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33240536	Be legally wise: When is parental consent required for adolescents' access to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?	Southern African journal of HIV medicine	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40001039	Reaching priority populations with different HIV self-testing distribution models in South Africa: an analysis of programme data.	BMC infectious diseases	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30865050	The Invisible Product: Preferences for Sustained-Release, Long-Acting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis to HIV Among South African Youth.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31544807	Single-Domain Antibodies and Their Formatting to Combat Viral Infections.	Antibodies (Basel, Switzerland)	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41550662	Artificial neural network guided optimization of tenofovir and Cyanovirin-N multipurpose preventive hydrogel formulation developed using the Box Behnken design model.	Pharmaceutical science advances	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26271831	Chitosan-based mucosal adjuvants: Sunrise on the ocean.	Vaccine	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35030296	HIV prevention: better choice for better coverage.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	2518 : Development of a clinically relevant rabbit surgical model for investigation of the host response to polypropylene mesh for pelvic organ prolapse	Journal of clinical and translational science	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34972141	Evidence for use of a healthy relationships assessment tool in the CHARISMA pilot study.	PloS one	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26902757	Distinct Pharmacodynamic Activity of Rilpivirine in Ectocervical and Colonic Explant Tissue.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26278511	Drug transporters in tissues and cells relevant to sexual transmission of HIV: Implications for drug delivery.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30166700	BIOMEDICAL PREVENTION OF HIV IN WOMEN: CHALLENGES AND APPROACHES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE VAGINAL MICROBIOME.	Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36782321	Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention among people who inject drugs: a global mapping of service delivery.	Harm reduction journal	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30519000	A study on screening and antitumor effect of CD55-specific ligand peptide in cervical cancer cells.	Drug design, development and therapy	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39771481	Exploring 3D Printing in Drug Development: Assessing the Potential of Advanced Melt Drop Deposition Technology for Solubility Enhancement by Creation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions.	Pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34178226	The effectiveness of tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV acquisition among sub-Saharan African women at high risk: a systematic review.	The Pan African medical journal	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41746960	Population characteristics, PrEP eligibility, and trust in family planning providers among women accessing public family planning clinics in Kenya.	PLOS global public health	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38670600	HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, retention and adherence among female sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review.	BMJ open	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24901884	CROI 2014: New tools to track the epidemic and prevent HIV infections.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37750154	Emerging Applications of Biomedical Science in Pandemic Prevention and Control: A Review.	Cureus	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29268654	Implementation of a prospective pregnancy registry for antiretroviral based HIV prevention trials.	HIV clinical trials	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37614346	High PrEP uptake, adherence, persistence and effectiveness outcomes among young Thai men and transgender women who sell sex in Bangkok and Pattaya, Thailand: findings from the open-label combination HIV prevention effectiveness (COPE) study.	The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25600106	Antiretrovirals for primary HIV prevention: the current status of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39729557	Bone density changes in young women in Uganda using tenofovir-based HIV preexposure prophylaxis and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate contraception.	AIDS (London, England)	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35745712	Dissolution from Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Long-Acting Implants: Effect of Model Active Ingredient Size and Shape.	Pharmaceutics	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35128367	PrEP acceptability and initiation among women engaged in sex work in Uganda: Implications for HIV prevention.	EClinicalMedicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31688333	The only way is up: priorities for implementing long-acting antiretrovirals for HIV prevention and treatment.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30384329	The human microbiome: implications for health and disease, including HIV infection.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38123866	Breaking down relationship barriers to increase PrEP uptake and adherence among adolescent girls and young women in Kenya: safety and preliminary effectiveness results from a pilot cluster-randomized trial.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38983594	Prevention method preferences and factors influencing hypothetical choice among women in South Africa: a survey exploring opportunities for a multipurpose prevention technology implant.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38844950	Low clinical impact of HIV drug resistance mutations in oral pre-exposure prophylaxis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	AIDS research and therapy	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27703837	New Biomedical Technologies and Strategies for Prevention of HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections.	Journal of sexually transmitted diseases	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27139475	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Quick-Dissolving Polymeric Vaginal Films Delivering the Antiretroviral IQP-0528 for Preexposure Prophylaxis.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38752557	Oral preexposure prophylaxis uptake, adherence, and persistence during periconception periods among women in South Africa.	AIDS (London, England)	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35572998	HTLV-1 Transmission and HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis: A Scoping Review.	Frontiers in medicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37861683	Dynamic choice HIV prevention intervention at outpatient departments in rural Kenya and Uganda.	AIDS (London, England)	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41910679	Barriers and Facilitators of Oral PrEP Uptake Against HIV Among Selected Priority Populations: A Global Perspective.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33859500	Mucoadhesive Microspheres of Maraviroc and Tenofovir Designed for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV-1: An in vitro Assessment of the Effect on Vaginal Lactic Acid Bacteria Microflora.	HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	Identification of inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 in-vitro cellular toxicity in human (Caco-2) cells using a large scale drug repurposing collection		2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32775613	Pharmaceutical Approaches to HIV Treatment and Prevention.	Advanced therapeutics	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26315816	Drug delivery strategies and systems for HIV/AIDS pre-exposure prophylaxis and treatment.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40168655	Evaluation of the Tu'Washindi Na PrEP Intervention to Reduce Gender-Based Violence and Increase Preexposure Prophylaxis Uptake and Adherence Among Kenyan Adolescent Girls and Young Women: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.	JMIR research protocols	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33831911	Higher colorectal tissue HIV infectivity in cisgender women compared with MSM before and during oral preexposure prophylaxis.	AIDS (London, England)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37277772	Policymakers' and healthcare providers' perspectives on the introduction of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for key populations in Ghana.	BMC public health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24900627	Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation of Chimeric Inhibitors of HIV Reverse Transcriptase.	ACS medicinal chemistry letters	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35822945	PrEP use and HIV seroconversion rates in adolescent girls and young women from Kenya and South Africa: the POWER demonstration project.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41466427	Testing different models of pharmacy-based HIV pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis initiation and management in Kenya: protocol for a cluster-randomized controlled trial.	Trials	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29135651	Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Single-Dose Tenofovir Vaginal Film and Gel Formulation (FAME 05).	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19005274	Transmission networks of drug resistance acquired in primary/early stage HIV infection.	AIDS (London, England)	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38543301	Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Viral Diseases: Smaller Solution to Bigger Problems.	Pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39764546	HIV interventions across the care continuum for adolescents in high-burden countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	EClinicalMedicine	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38716295	Attitudes Toward Menstrual Suppression Among Cyclic and Continuous Contraceptive Vaginal Ring Users in Kenya.	Journal of family & reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36098846	Intimate Partner Violence and Engagement in the HIV Care Continuum among Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Prospective Cohort Study.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37830105	Clinical trial simulation to evaluate tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis dosing during pregnancy.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23726227	A review of nanotechnological approaches for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS.	Biomaterials	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26486613	A Shot in the Arm for HIV Prevention? Recent Successes and Critical Thresholds.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33519296	Tandem mass spectrometry of small-molecule antiviral drugs: 1. HIV-related antivirals.	International journal of mass spectrometry	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33417201	Patient-Led Decision-Making for HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31144462	The genital tract and rectal microbiomes: their role in HIV susceptibility and prevention in women.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33845270	Identification of novel compounds against three targets of SARS CoV-2 coronavirus by combined virtual screening and supervised machine learning.	Computers in biology and medicine	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40021551	PrEP Uptake and Utilisation Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review.	AIDS and behavior	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39129758	ADS-J21 is a novel HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting gp41.	Current research in microbial sciences	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33297444	Lectin Protein as a Promising Component to Functionalize Micelles, Liposomes and Lipid NPs against Coronavirus.	Biomedicines	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37111756	Box-Behnken Design of Experiments of Polycaprolactone Nanoparticles Loaded with Irinotecan Hydrochloride.	Pharmaceutics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37744288	Biomedical, socio-behavioral, and implementation science gaps in multipurpose prevention technology research.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37064825	Preferred product attributes of a multipurpose vaginal ring: Findings from a phase 1 trial.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30707399	HIV Prevention Interventions for Adolescents.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39636888	Health care providers' decision-making and early adoption of tenofovir alafenamide for HIV preexposure prophylaxis: An inductive qualitative study.	PloS one	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36966703	AI-driven drug repurposing and binding pose meta dynamics identifies novel targets for monkeypox virus.	Journal of infection and public health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32505132	Elevated Risk of Bacterial Vaginosis Among Users of the Copper Intrauterine Device: A Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34035845	Cyclodextrins in the antiviral therapy.	Journal of drug delivery science and technology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34013858	Reflections on 40 Years of AIDS.	Emerging infectious diseases	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32288472	Status Presens of Antiviral Drugs And Strategies: Part I: DNA Viruses and Retroviruses.	Advances in antiviral drug design	2007	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35142337	Genital Immune Cell Activation and Tenofovir Gel Efficacy: A Case-Control Study.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22710905	Antiretroviral use for prevention and other factors affecting the course of the HIV-1 epidemic.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32920652	Sharing Objective Measures of Adherence to a Vaginal Microbicide Promotes Candor About Actual Use and Bolsters Motivation to Prevent HIV.	AIDS and behavior	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26088266	Investigational reverse transcriptase inhibitors for the treatment of HIV.	Expert opinion on investigational drugs	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36646563	Parental Engagement in Consent Processes for Enrollment in Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials: Implications for Minor Adolescents' Willingness to Participate.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33530510	Recent Advances in Nanosystems and Strategies for Vaginal Delivery of Antimicrobials.	Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36982978	Antiretroviral Treatment of HIV-2 Infection: Available Drugs, Resistance Pathways, and Promising New Compounds.	International journal of molecular sciences	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35200479	Application of Sol-Gels for Treatment of Gynaecological Conditions-Physiological Perspectives and Emerging Concepts in Intravaginal Drug Delivery.	Gels (Basel, Switzerland)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22351302	The Promise of Antiretrovirals for HIV Prevention.	Current infectious disease reports	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25224617	An interdisciplinary framework for measuring and supporting adherence in HIV prevention trials of ARV-based vaginal rings.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28550377	Acceptability of and Adherence to an Antiretroviral-Based Vaginal Microbicide among Pregnant Women in the United States.	AIDS and behavior	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25700207	Antibodies for HIV prevention in young women.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37578954	Development of a relationship counselling website to identify and mitigate risk of intimate partner violence in the context of women's PrEP use.	PLOS digital health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31328444	HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for adolescent girls and young women in Africa: from efficacy trials to delivery.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23032732	Rectal microbicide development.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31919239	Hormonal contraception and HIV acquisition among women: an updated systematic review.	BMJ sexual & reproductive health	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	PLATINUM-CATALYZED INTRAVAGINAL RINGS		2012	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
34318291	The Promise of the Dual Prevention Pill: A Framework for Development and Introduction.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35669097	Prevalence and Incidence of Sexually Transmitted Infection in Injectable Progestin Contraception Users in South Africa.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33450319	Development of nanoparticle-delivery systems for antiviral agents: A review.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29855975	Contraceptive Preference Among Women at Risk of HIV Acquisition in a Preparatory Screening Study for a Phase III Microbicide Trial in South Western Uganda.	AIDS and behavior	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29977835	An update of the recombinant protein expression systems of Cyanovirin-N and challenges of preclinical development.	BioImpacts : BI	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31424371	Discovery and Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutic Agents: Progress Towards Improved HIV Medication.	Current topics in medicinal chemistry	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36944714	Acute antagonism in three-drug combinations for vaginal HIV prevention in humanized mice.	Scientific reports	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28649870	Lubricant Provides Poor Rectal Mucosal HIV Coverage.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38543242	Preclinical and Early Clinical Development of Tenofovir Alafenamide/Elvitegravir Topical Inserts for Effective On-Demand Vaginal and Rectal HIV Prevention.	Pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28271718	Acceptability of microbicidal vaginal rings and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among female sex workers in a high-prevalence US city.	AIDS care	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22966871	A perspective on progress and gaps in HIV prevention science.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33898602	The ongoing HIV epidemic in American youth: challenges and opportunities.	mHealth	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31731399	Zebrafish-Based Discovery of Antiseizure Compounds from the North Sea: Isoquinoline Alkaloids TMC-120A and TMC-120B.	Marine drugs	2019	R3	Dapivirine is named but neither the title nor the abstract carries a randomisation, placebo-control, blinding or phase 2b/3 signal.
24043812	Intravaginal ring eluting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate completely protects macaques from multiple vaginal simian-HIV challenges.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38324364	Understanding the Acceptability of Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies for HIV Prevention Among At-Risk Populations and Feasibility Considerations for Product Introduction in India: Protocol for a Qualitative Study.	JMIR research protocols	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24008177	Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a review on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18992405	Vaginal microbicides and the prevention of HIV transmission.	The Lancet. Infectious diseases	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31007035	HIV Research for Prevention 2018: From Research to Impact Conference Summary and Highlights.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27482438	What's new for antiretroviral treatment in women with HIV.	Journal of virus eradication	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34714100	HIV Prevention in a Time of COVID-19: A Report from the HIVR4P // Virtual Conference 2021.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36839817	A Machine Learning Approach for PLGA Nanoparticles in Antiviral Drug Delivery.	Pharmaceutics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39312933	Health impact, budget impact, and price threshold for cost-effectiveness of lenacapavir for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in eastern and southern Africa: a modelling analysis.	The lancet. HIV	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33212766	Nanosystems Applied to HIV Infection: Prevention and Treatments.	International journal of molecular sciences	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22355798	Microbicides: topical prevention against HIV.	Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37439063	Implementation and resource needs for long-acting PrEP in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40343955	Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness, use, and discontinuation among Lake Victoria fisherfolk in Uganda: A cross-sectional population-based study.	PLOS global public health	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36252277	Long-acting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches: recent advances, emerging technologies, and development challenges.	Expert opinion on drug delivery	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
16715409	Overcoming HIV drug resistance through rational drug design based on molecular, biochemical, and structural profiles of HIV resistance.	Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS	2006	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34265282	Health system adaptations and considerations to facilitate optimal oral pre-exposure prophylaxis scale-up in sub-Saharan Africa.	The lancet. HIV	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27523300	Pipeline for contraceptive development.	Fertility and sterility	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33034421	An open-label, randomized crossover study to evaluate the acceptability and preference for contraceptive options in female adolescents, 15 to 19 years of age in Cape Town, as a proxy for HIV prevention methods (UChoose).	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36529838	Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of Biomedical, Non-Surgical HIV Prevention Interventions: A Systematic Literature Review.	PharmacoEconomics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35957953	APOBEC3 selects V179I in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to provide selective advantage for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant mutants.	Frontiers in virology (Lausanne, Switzerland)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35838859	Awareness, Willingness and Use of HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Among Female Sex Workers Living in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34506359	Providers PrEP: Identifying Primary Health care Providers' Biases as Barriers to Provision of Equitable PrEP Services.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26682051	Blocking HIV-1 transmission in the female reproductive tract: from microbicide development to exploring local antiviral responses.	Clinical & translational immunology	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39136824	Factors Associated with Usage of Oral-PrEP among Female Sex Workers in Nairobi, Kenya, Assessed by Self-Report and a Point-of-Care Urine Tenofovir Immunoassay.	AIDS and behavior	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23800167	Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: how antiretroviral pharmacology helps to monitor and improve adherence.	Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37580575	Psychological and Behavioural Within-participant Predictors of Adherence to Oral HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).	AIDS and behavior	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36653342	Nurse-facilitated preexposure prophylaxis delivery for adolescent girls and young women seeking contraception at retail pharmacies in Kisumu, Kenya.	AIDS (London, England)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31420019	Factors associated with vaccination completion and retention among HIV negative female sex workers enrolled in a simulated vaccine efficacy trial in Kampala, Uganda.	BMC infectious diseases	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24129582	Adherence challenges with drugs for pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection.	International journal of clinical pharmacy	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32881384	Advances in Antiviral Material Development.	ChemPlusChem	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29269252	Factors associated with nonadherence to instructions for using the Nestorone®/ethinyl estradiol contraceptive vaginal ring.	Contraception	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31680970	Physiological and Pharmaceutical Considerations for Rectal Drug Formulations.	Frontiers in pharmacology	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36035551	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV in Primary Care and Beyond.	Missouri medicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38276512	A Bilayer Microarray Patch (MAP) for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: The Role of MAP Designs and Formulation Composition in Enhancing Long-Acting Drug Delivery.	Pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38687039	Broadly neutralizing antibodies for HIV prevention: a comprehensive review and future perspectives.	Clinical microbiology reviews	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35419667	Age-Restriction of a Validated Risk Scoring Tool Better Predicts HIV Acquisition in South African Women: CAPRISA 004.	AIDS and behavior	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19297481	CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates have a lower level of pathogenic fitness than other dominant group M subtypes: implications for the epidemic.	Journal of virology	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35927584	Yeast PI31 inhibits the proteasome by a direct multisite mechanism.	Nature structural & molecular biology	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31227999	Update on HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis: Effectiveness, Drug Resistance, and Risk Compensation.	Current infectious disease reports	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36765358	Incorporating end-users' voices into the development of an implant for HIV prevention: a discrete choice experiment in South Africa and Zimbabwe.	BMC women's health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25224618	Engaging male partners in women's microbicide use: evidence from clinical trials and implications for future research and microbicide introduction.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34556099	Ethical considerations for involving adolescents in biomedical HIV prevention research.	BMC medical ethics	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28357381	Recent Insights into the HIV/AIDS Pandemic.	Microbial cell (Graz, Austria)	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32757103	Innovative Approaches for Pharmacology Studies in Pregnant and Lactating Women: A Viewpoint and Lessons from HIV.	Clinical pharmacokinetics	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22816564	The nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor MIV-160 delivered from an intravaginal ring, but not from a carrageenan gel, protects against simian/human immunodeficiency virus-RT Infection.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32224493	Innovative Approaches to Obtain Minors' Consent for Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials: Multi-Site Quasi-Experimental Study of Adolescent and Parent Perspectives.	JMIR research protocols	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33441249	Fighting viruses with materials science: Prospects for antivirus surfaces, drug delivery systems and artificial intelligence.	Dental materials : official publication of the Academy of Dental Materials	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28748662	Repeated administration of high-dose depot medroxyprogesterone acetate does not alter SHIV<sub>SF</sub><sub>162p3</sub> viral kinetics and tenofovir pharmacokinetics when delivered via intravaginal rings.	Journal of medical primatology	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30101439	FAME-04: A Phase 1 trial to assess the safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of film and gel formulations of tenofovir.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28042165	Coupled gel spreading and diffusive transport models describing microbicidal drug delivery.	Chemical engineering science	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39395932	Examining concordance of sexual-related factors and PrEP eligibility with HIV risk perception among adolescent girls and young women: cross-sectional insights from DREAMS sites in Kenya, Malawi, and Zambia.	BMC public health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31929359	Human immunodeficiency virus prevention strategies in China.	Chinese medical journal	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28115243	Intravaginal immunisation using a novel antigen-releasing ring device elicits robust vaccine antigen-specific systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28961903	M184I/V substitutions and E138K/M184I/V double substitutions in HIV reverse transcriptase do not significantly affect the antiviral activity of EFdA.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28571500	Safety of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use in lactating HIV-uninfected women.	Expert opinion on drug safety	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28594946	Association of vaginal dysbiosis and biofilm with contraceptive vaginal ring biomass in African women.	PloS one	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35174743	Sustained release of brimonidine from BRI@SR@TPU implant for treatment of glaucoma.	Drug delivery	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30170533	Oral and vaginal HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis product attribute preferences among female sex workers in the Mexico-US border region.	International journal of STD & AIDS	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
15485580	Punica granatum (Pomegranate) juice provides an HIV-1 entry inhibitor and candidate topical microbicide.	BMC infectious diseases	2004	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23224426	Use of human mucosal tissue to study HIV-1 pathogenesis and evaluate HIV-1 prevention modalities.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31456348	Global implementation of PrEP for HIV prevention: setting expectations for impact.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33637768	A SARS-CoV-2 cytopathicity dataset generated by high-content screening of a large drug repurposing collection.	Scientific data	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38680542	High adherence to intermittent and continuous use of a contraceptive vaginal ring among women in a randomized controlled trial in Kigali, Rwanda.	Frontiers in global women's health	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29668740	Evaluation of the fusion inhibitor P3 peptide as a potential microbicide to prevent HIV transmission in women.	PloS one	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33008028	Caerin 1 Antimicrobial Peptides That Inhibit HIV and <i>Neisseria</i> May Spare Protective Lactobacilli.	Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland)	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31035595	Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Nanosystems Designed for Drug Stability and Controlled Delivery.	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22619076	An intravaginal ring for the simultaneous delivery of multiple drugs.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32390358	A Review of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Adherence among Female Sex Workers.	Yonsei medical journal	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20724682	Antiretroviral therapy as HIV prevention: status and prospects.	American journal of public health	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25690088	Current and emerging formulation strategies for the effective transdermal delivery of HIV inhibitors.	Therapeutic delivery	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35057076	State-of-the-Art Review of Artificial Neural Networks to Predict, Characterize and Optimize Pharmaceutical Formulation.	Pharmaceutics	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28961280	Label-free analysis of tenofovir delivery to vaginal tissue using co-registered confocal Raman spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography.	PloS one	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21864598	Non-aqueous silicone elastomer gels as a vaginal microbicide delivery system for the HIV-1 entry inhibitor maraviroc.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27837968	Label-Free Measurements of Tenofovir Diffusion Coefficients in a Microbicide Gel Using Raman Spectroscopy.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38140017	Pharmacokinetic Study of Islatravir and Etonogestrel Implants in Macaques.	Pharmaceutics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31108027	A Qualitative Systematic Review of Women's Experiences Using Contraceptive Vaginal Rings: Implications for New Technologies.	Perspectives on sexual and reproductive health	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29528850	Adolescent lives matter: preventing HIV in adolescents.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39204375	Next-Generation Contraceptive Intravaginal Ring: Comparison of Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol In Vitro and In Vivo Release from 3D-Printed Intravaginal Ring and NuvaRing.	Pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23764639	Can combination prevention strategies reduce HIV transmission in generalized epidemic settings in Africa? The HPTN 071 (PopART) study plan in South Africa and Zambia.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37629837	Sustained Delivery of the Antiviral Protein Griffithsin and Its Adhesion to a Biological Surface by a Silk Fibroin Scaffold.	Materials (Basel, Switzerland)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23111849	Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of a vaginally administered maraviroc gel in rhesus macaques.	The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34954718	Effect of HIV Self-Testing on PrEP Adherence Among Gender-Diverse Sex Workers in Uganda: A Randomized Trial.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20331353	Drug release kinetics and transport mechanisms of non-degradable and degradable polymeric delivery systems.	Expert opinion on drug delivery	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33011993	Antiviral therapies: advances and perspectives.	Fundamental & clinical pharmacology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34744210	Anno 2021: Which antivirals for the coming decade?	Annual reports in medicinal chemistry	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22832125	Topical gel formulation of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibody VRC01 confers protection against HIV-1 vaginal challenge in a humanized mouse model.	Virology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30600686	Mucosal Susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in the Proliferative and Secretory Phases of the Menstrual Cycle.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31243127	A Caulobacter crescentus Microbicide Protects from Vaginal Infection with HIV-1<sub>JR-CSF</sub> in Humanized Bone Marrow-Liver-Thymus Mice.	Journal of virology	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37638127	Tenofovir vaginal film as a potential MPT product against HIV-1 and HSV-2 acquisition: formulation development and preclinical assessment in non-human primates.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18702834	Microbicides 2008 conference: from discovery to advocacy.	AIDS research and therapy	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27677264	Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention: Why, What, Who and How.	Infectious diseases and therapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25145645	Advances in HIV prevention for serodiscordant couples.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25931990	Clinical Treatment Options Infectious Diseases: Update on PrEP Implementation, Adherence, and Advances in Delivery.	Current treatment options in infectious diseases	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38023531	How might we motivate uptake of the Dual Prevention Pill? Findings from human-centered design research with potential end users, male partners, and healthcare providers.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28372978	Residual hormone levels in used contraceptive rings as a measurement of adherence to vaginal ring use.	Contraception	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33488258	Synthesis and molecular docking studies of quinoline derivatives as HIV non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Turkish journal of chemistry	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22956201	An intravaginal ring that releases the NNRTI MIV-150 reduces SHIV transmission in macaques.	Science translational medicine	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36988896	Infectious Disease Modelling of HIV Prevention Interventions: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Compartmental Models.	PharmacoEconomics	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41028240	Discovery and molecular docking studies of nitrogen containing naphthyridine derivatives as potent HIV1 NNRTIs with anticancer potential.	Scientific reports	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39997724	Practical Recommendations in the Treatment of Acute and Chronic Life-Threatening Infectious Diseases in Patients with Acute Hepatic Porphyria.	Metabolites	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19929801	Increased CCL2 expression and macrophage/monocyte migration during microbicide-induced vaginal irritation.	Current HIV research	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23020883	Systemic and topical drugs for the prevention of HIV infection: antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis.	Annual review of medicine	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35745986	Structural Modification of Polymers Functionalized with Mango Leaf Extract by Supercritical Impregnation: Approaching of Further Food and Biomedical Applications.	Polymers	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39309052	Pre- and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV in Patients Taking Anti-Seizure Medications.	Epilepsy currents	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22964888	The clinical pharmacology of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34575508	Machine Learning for Process Monitoring and Control of Hot-Melt Extrusion: Current State of the Art and Future Directions.	Pharmaceutics	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35948345	Preconception and periconception interventions to prevent low birth weight, small for gestational age and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis.	BMJ global health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35747274	A Human Rights Case Study on Access to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for Female Sex Workers in South Africa.	Health and human rights	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36303993	Integrating Oral PrEP Into Family Planning Services for Women in Sub-saharan Africa: Findings From a Multi-Country Landscape Analysis.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37599369	A syndemic of inequitable gender norms and intersecting stigmas on condom self-efficacy and practices among displaced youth living in urban slums in Uganda: a community-based cross-sectional study.	Conflict and health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35536113	HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Uptake and Continuation Among Key Populations in Cameroon: Lessons Learned From the CHAMP Program.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37965737	Considerations for long-acting antiretroviral therapy in older persons with HIV.	AIDS (London, England)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29504062	Sex Differences in HIV Infection.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34755820	Medicines for Malaria Venture COVID Box: a source for repurposing drugs with antifungal activity against human pathogenic fungi.	Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37964322	"Sex without fear": exploring the psychosocial impact of oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis on gay men in England.	AIDS research and therapy	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34541872	An Open-Label Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessment of Tenofovir Gel and Oral Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22705107	Microbicides: still a long road to success.	Trends in microbiology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29480895	Genital inflammation undermines the effectiveness of tenofovir gel in preventing HIV acquisition in women.	Nature medicine	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32420478	Nanoformulated Eudragit lopinavir and preliminary release of its loaded suppositories.	Heliyon	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26947382	Biophysical characterization of small molecule antiviral-loaded nanolipogels for HIV-1 chemoprophylaxis and topical mucosal application.	Acta biomaterialia	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34765998	Nose to brain delivery of antiretroviral drugs in the treatment of neuroAIDS.	Molecular biomedicine	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33752534	Likely clinical depression and HIV-related decline in antiretroviral therapy untreated women who seroconverted during participation in microbicide trials in sub-Saharan Africa.	International journal of STD & AIDS	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30664078	Brief Report: Validation of a Urine Tenofovir Immunoassay for Adherence Monitoring to PrEP and ART and Establishing the Cutoff for a Point-of-Care Test.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27401570	Detectable Tenofovir Levels in Breast-Feeding Infants of Mothers Exposed to Topical Tenofovir.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29813074	Safety of a silicone elastomer vaginal ring as potential microbicide delivery method in African women: A Phase 1 randomized trial.	PloS one	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35776250	A novel "HIV salience and Perception" scale is associated with PrEP dispensing and adherence among adolescent girls and young women in Kampala, Uganda.	AIDS and behavior	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29112744	Research Roadmap for Tuberculosis Transmission Science: Where Do We Go From Here and How Will We Know When We're There?	The Journal of infectious diseases	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28615975	Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention in women: current perspectives.	International journal of women's health	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27465646	Long-term follow-up of HIV seroconverters in microbicide trials - rationale, study design, and challenges in MTN-015.	HIV clinical trials	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38985722	High STI burden among a cohort of adolescents aged 12-19 years in a youth-friendly clinic in South Africa.	PloS one	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18838586	Minimal pharmacokinetic interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor etravirine and the integrase inhibitor raltegravir in healthy subjects.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22155820	Safe and sustained vaginal delivery of pyrimidinedione HIV-1 inhibitors from polyurethane intravaginal rings.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25224615	Community and research staff collaboration for development of materials to inform microbicide study participants in Africa.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41584358	Structural biology of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase allosteric inhibitors for drug design.	Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30105916	A Summary of the Third Annual HIV Microbiome Workshop.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36162740	Acceptability of an intravaginal ring for simultaneously preventing HIV infection and pregnancy: Qualitative findings of the Kisumu Combined Ring Study, 2019.	Contemporary clinical trials	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26198343	Translating PrEP effectiveness into public health impact: key considerations for decision-makers on cost-effectiveness, price, regulatory issues, distributive justice and advocacy for access.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23602471	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and antiviral drug resistance. Part 1.	Current opinion in virology	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30107833	Vaginal washing and lubrication among female sex workers in the Mexico-US border region: implications for the development of vaginal PrEP for HIV prevention.	BMC public health	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40476466	Hormonal contraception for women at risk of HIV infection.	The Cochrane database of systematic reviews	2025	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35487541	Casting a Wide Net: HIV Drug Resistance Monitoring in Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Seroconverters in the Global Evaluation of Microbicide Sensitivity Project.	Global health, science and practice	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31813734	Computational Dissection of Membrane Transport at a Microscopic Level.	Trends in biochemical sciences	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22156901	Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: evolving evidence.	Current opinion in infectious diseases	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32977745	HIV prevention is not all about HIV - using a discrete choice experiment among women to model how the uptake and effectiveness of HIV prevention products may also rely on pregnancy and STI protection.	BMC infectious diseases	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23043108	Human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase: 25 years of research, drug discovery, and promise.	The Journal of biological chemistry	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32064765	HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis for female sex workers: ensuring women's family planning needs are not left behind.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33757411	Ethical and practical considerations for mitigating risks to sexual partners during analytical treatment interruptions in HIV cure-related research.	HIV research & clinical practice	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19014659	Prevention of the sexual transmission of HIV-1: preparing for success.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27662407	Modeling HIV vaccine trials of the future.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34120819	Microbial mismanagement: how inadequate treatments for vaginal dysbiosis drive the HIV epidemic in women.	Seminars in immunology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22545245	Using modeling to help understand vaginal microbicide functionality and create better products.	Drug delivery and translational research	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35990584	PrEP uptake and HIV viral suppression when PrEP is integrated into Ugandan ART clinics for HIV-negative members of HIV-serodifferent couples: A stepped wedge cluster randomized trial.	EClinicalMedicine	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27429190	Engaging Transgender People in NIH-Funded HIV/AIDS Clinical Trials Research.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31590428	Griffithsin, a Highly Potent Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Lectin from Red Algae: From Discovery to Clinical Application.	Marine drugs	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19874851	Development of topical microbicides to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.	Antiviral research	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29039265	HIV prevention trial design in an era of effective pre-exposure prophylaxis.	HIV clinical trials	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35269708	Safety of G2-S16 Polyanionic Carbosilane Dendrimer as Possible HIV-1 Vaginal Microbicide.	International journal of molecular sciences	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29568458	<i>Ex situ</i> generation of stoichiometric HCN and its application in the Pd-catalysed cyanation of aryl bromides: evidence for a transmetallation step between two oxidative addition Pd-complexes.	Chemical science	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24926033	Biomedical prevention: state of the science.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18431651	A review of current intravaginal drug delivery approaches employed for the prophylaxis of HIV/AIDS and prevention of sexually transmitted infections.	AAPS PharmSciTech	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36364196	Progression of Antiviral Agents Targeting Viral Polymerases.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22592582	Retrocyclin RC-101 blocks HIV-1 transmission across cervical mucosa in an organ culture.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37284490	Equipping providers to offer novel MPTs: Developing counseling messages for the Dual Prevention Pill in clinical studies and beyond.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36254362	Making the Case for Joint Decision-Making in Future Multipurpose Prevention Technology (MPT) Choice: Qualitative Findings on MPT Attribute Preferences from the CUPID Study (MTN-045).	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34992111	CAPRISA 018: a phase I/II clinical trial study protocol to assess the safety, acceptability, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a sustained-release tenofovir alafenamide subdermal implant for HIV prevention in women.	BMJ open	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32899754	The Potential of Algal Biotechnology to Produce Antiviral Compounds and Biopharmaceuticals.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27236000	Simultaneous measurement of etravirine, maraviroc and raltegravir in pigtail macaque plasma, vaginal secretions and vaginal tissue using a LC-MS/MS assay.	Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33929980	A Review of Recent HIV Prevention Interventions and Future Considerations for Nursing Science.	The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33371779	Examining the Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Rectally Administered IQP-0528 Gel for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: A First-In-Human Study.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35097151	Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Recent Adherence With Real-Time Adherence Feedback and Partner Human Immunodeficiency Virus Self-Testing: A Pilot Trial Among Postpartum Women.	Open forum infectious diseases	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30981593	The Promise of Long-Acting Antiretroviral Therapies: From Need to Manufacture.	Trends in microbiology	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37083700	The impact of community-based, peer-led sexual and reproductive health services on knowledge of HIV status among adolescents and young people aged 15 to 24 in Lusaka, Zambia: The Yathu Yathu cluster-randomised trial.	PLoS medicine	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26050373	HIV prevention and research considerations for women in sub-Saharan Africa: moving toward biobehavioral prevention strategies.	African journal of reproductive health	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25113651	Ethical issues for late-stage trials of multipurpose prevention technologies for HIV and pregnancy.	International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19534584	Prospects for antisense peptide nucleic acid (PNA) therapies for HIV.	Expert opinion on biological therapy	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29016523	Brief Report: PrEP Use During Periods of HIV Risk Among East African Women in Serodiscordant Relationships.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27760680	PrEP implementation research in Africa: what is new?	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27640883	A simple and cost-saving phenotypic drug susceptibility testing of HIV-1.	Scientific reports	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28983328	Preformulation and Vaginal Film Formulation Development of Microbicide Drug Candidate CSIC for HIV prevention.	Journal of pharmaceutical innovation	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31696371	Efficacy is Not Everything: Eliciting Women's Preferences for a Vaginal HIV Prevention Product Using a Discrete-Choice Experiment.	AIDS and behavior	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36048767	''Ask the way from those who have walked it before"-Grandmothers' roles in health-related decision making and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use among pregnant and breastfeeding women in sub-Saharan Africa.	PloS one	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29737220	Emerging reverse transcriptase inhibitors for HIV-1 infection.	Expert opinion on emerging drugs	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
41900791	Cyclodextrins as Modulators of Regulated Cell Death: Implications for Immunometabolism and Therapeutic Innovation.	Pharmaceutics	2026	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36853631	Expanding Access to Oral Preexposure Prophylaxis for People Who Inject Drugs in Bayelsa and Niger States, Nigeria.	Global health, science and practice	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35335526	Development and Evaluation of Nanoparticles-in-Film Technology to Achieve Extended In Vivo Exposure of MK-2048 for HIV Prevention.	Polymers	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33312415	Ongoing Vaccine and Monoclonal Antibody HIV Prevention Efficacy Trials and Considerations for Sequel Efficacy Trial Designs.	Statistical communications in infectious diseases	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33241057	Development and evaluation of mucoadhesive bigel containing tenofovir and maraviroc for HIV prophylaxis.	Future journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21553001	Retrocyclins and their activity against HIV-1.	Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37632074	Current ARTs, Virologic Failure, and Implications for AIDS Management: A Systematic Review.	Viruses	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34684007	Manufacturing and Examination of Vaginal Drug Delivery System by FDM 3D Printing.	Pharmaceutics	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29609619	Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in an era of stalled HIV prevention: Can it change the game?	Retrovirology	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33853559	"We are in this together:" dyadic-level influence and decision-making among HIV serodiscordant couples in Tanzania receiving access to PrEP.	BMC public health	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31740561	Translational Approach to Predicting the Efficacy of Maraviroc-Based Regimens as HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25933938	Vaginal drug distribution modeling.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27067321	Combination Pod-Intravaginal Ring Delivers Antiretroviral Agents for HIV Prophylaxis: Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in an Ovine Model.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33270801	Impact of vaginal microbiome communities on HIV antiretroviral-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) drug metabolism.	PLoS pathogens	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23494772	Use of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention: what do we know and what don't we know?	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28598790	CROI 2017: Advances in Antiretroviral Therapy.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28598789	CROI 2017: HIV Epidemic Trends and Advances in Prevention.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36087612	Alignment of PrEP adherence with periods of HIV risk among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa and Zimbabwe: a secondary analysis of the HPTN 082 randomised controlled trial.	The lancet. HIV	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33905282	Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a current update.	Infectious diseases (London, England)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29759926	Drug Repurposing for Viral Infectious Diseases: How Far Are We?	Trends in microbiology	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22310825	Microbicides for HIV prevention.	The Indian journal of medical research	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24691698	Global HIV epidemiology: A guide for strategies in prevention and care.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35417485	Adaptive HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence interventions for young South African women: Study protocol for a sequential multiple assignment randomized trial.	PloS one	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33788867	Assessing pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe: Results from a systematic chart review.	PloS one	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18316528	Development of a comprehensive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 screening algorithm for discovery and preclinical testing of topical microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35835755	Genital microbiota of women using a 90 day tenofovir or tenofovir and levonorgestrel intravaginal ring in a placebo controlled randomized safety trial in Kenya.	Scientific reports	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34697493	HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and sexually transmitted infections: intersection and opportunity.	Nature reviews. Urology	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26596943	Multipurpose Prevention Approaches with Antiretroviral-Based Formulations.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21246052	An antiretroviral/zinc combination gel provides 24 hours of complete protection against vaginal SHIV infection in macaques.	PloS one	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25414420	Cell-associated transmission of HIV type 1 and other lentiviruses in small-animal models.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22347807	The use of preexposure treatments for HIV prophylaxis.	HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31468737	Sexually transmitted infections and HIV in the era of antiretroviral treatment and prevention: the biologic basis for epidemiologic synergy.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29758049	User evaluations offer promise for pod-intravaginal ring as a drug delivery platform: A mixed methods study of acceptability and use experiences.	PloS one	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36110842	An optimized Factor H-Fc fusion protein against multidrug-resistant <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>.	Frontiers in immunology	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25231193	An intravaginal ring for the sustained delivery of antibodies.	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
39898111	An Open Letter on Advancing HIV prevention: Augmenting an ecosystem-based approach to understand prevention decision-making.	Gates open research	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26634852	Safety of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention.	Expert opinion on drug safety	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33446027	Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Susceptibility, Immunology, and Microbiome in the Female Genital Tract of Adolescent Versus Adult Pigtail Macaques.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31078451	Taking stock of the present and looking ahead: envisioning challenges in the design of future HIV prevention efficacy trials.	The lancet. HIV	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27428377	A Novel Microbicide/Contraceptive Intravaginal Ring Protects Macaque Genital Mucosa against SHIV-RT Infection Ex Vivo.	PloS one	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24926036	Adherence to preexposure prophylaxis: current, emerging, and anticipated bases of evidence.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35799121	Stepped care to optimize pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) effectiveness in pregnant and postpartum women (SCOPE-PP) in South Africa: a randomized control trial.	BMC public health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22310826	Microbicides: a new hope for HIV prevention.	The Indian journal of medical research	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24830303	Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to the vagina: a review.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27482459	The difficulties of 'living while girl'.	Journal of virus eradication	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28825395	Designing and developing suppository formulations for anti-HIV drug delivery.	Therapeutic delivery	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24659344	A lifecycle approach to HIV prevention in African women and children.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25354929	The Medical Research Council (UK)/Uganda Virus Research Institute Uganda Research Unit on AIDS--'25 years of research through partnerships'.	Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33167509	Performance and Stability of Tenofovir Alafenamide Formulations within Subcutaneous Biodegradable Implants for HIV Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).	Pharmaceutics	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24614384	MIV-150-containing intravaginal rings protect macaque vaginal explants against SHIV-RT infection.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37325244	Synthesis of end-user research to inform future multipurpose prevention technologies in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25414423	Strategies for preventing mucosal cell-associated HIV transmission.	The Journal of infectious diseases	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24561264	Development and bioanalytical validation of a liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for the quantification of the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc in human plasma.	Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23221365	Antiretroviral-based HIV-1 prevention: antiretroviral treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis.	Antiviral therapy	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23554549	Transient swelling, spreading, and drug delivery by a dissolved anti-HIV microbicide-bearing film.	Physics of fluids (Woodbury, N.Y. : 1994)	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26933962	Which New Health Technologies Do We Need to Achieve an End to HIV/AIDS?	PLoS biology	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29544530	Economic evaluation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis strategies: protocol for a methodological systematic review and quantitative synthesis.	Systematic reviews	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36438254	Preferences, beliefs, and attitudes about oral fluid and blood-based HIV self-testing among truck drivers in Kenya choosing not to test for HIV.	Frontiers in public health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29541273	Protection Efficacy of C5A Against Vaginal and Rectal HIV Challenges in Humanized Mice.	The open virology journal	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25224614	ARV-based HIV prevention for women - where we are in 2014.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26198223	Molecular clusters size of Puerariae thomsonii radix aqueous decoction and relevance to oral absorption.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32708182	Identification of Vaccinia Virus Inhibitors and Cellular Functions Necessary for Efficient Viral Replication by Screening Bioactives and FDA-Approved Drugs.	Vaccines	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35402870	Mono- and combinational drug therapies for global viral pandemic preparedness.	iScience	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32107887	Rapid viral rebound after analytical treatment interruption in patients with very small HIV reservoir and minimal on-going viral transcription.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22938539	Positional adaptability in the design of mutation-resistant nonnucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a supramolecular perspective.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23764625	Ethics and pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23841536	Preformulation studies of EFdA, a novel nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for HIV prevention.	Drug development and industrial pharmacy	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23752507	Pharmacokinetics of a multipurpose pod-intravaginal ring simultaneously delivering five drugs in an ovine model.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33519200	Nanomedicine for the SARS-CoV-2: State-of-the-Art and Future Prospects.	International journal of nanomedicine	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38837995	HIV, syphilis and sexual-risk behaviours' prevalence among in-and out-of-school adolescent girls and young women in Zambia: A cross-sectional survey study.	PloS one	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22330914	Sustained release of the CCR5 inhibitors CMPD167 and maraviroc from vaginal rings in rhesus macaques.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33638345	A modeling framework for embedding-based predictions for compound-viral protein activity.	Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32071061	Discordance between Etravirine Phenotype and Genotype-Based Predicted Phenotype for Subtype C HIV-1 from First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Failures in South Africa.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	In Silico Molecular Dynamics Docking of Drugs to the Inhibitory Active Site of SARS-CoV-2 Protease and Their Predicted Toxicology and ADME		2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28649869	HIVR4P 2016, Partnering for Prevention: Conference Summary and Highlights.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31592770	A Qualitative Systematic Review of Women's Experiences Using Contraceptive Vaginal Rings: Implications for New Technologies.	International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21055465	Sustained release of proteins from a modified vaginal ring device.	European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30615569	Preferred Product Attributes of Potential Multipurpose Prevention Technologies for Unintended Pregnancy and Sexually Transmitted Infections or HIV Among U.S. Women.	Journal of women's health (2002)	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33625602	Preformulation Characterization of Griffithsin, a Biopharmaceutical Candidate for HIV Prevention.	AAPS PharmSciTech	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34815336	Hexavalent sperm-binding IgG antibody released from vaginal film for development of potent on-demand nonhormonal female contraception.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	A simplified cell-based assay to identify coronavirus 3CL protease inhibitors		2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33066594	Carbohydrate Immune Adjuvants in Subunit Vaccines.	Pharmaceutics	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24490001	Who will Benefit from a Wide-Scale Introduction of Vaginal Microbicides in Developing Countries?	Statistical communications in infectious diseases	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25759332	Multipurpose prevention technologies: the future of HIV and STI protection.	Trends in microbiology	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33910954	Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Proteases Protect Cells from Protease-Mediated Cytotoxicity.	Journal of virology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22784600	Rational design of HIV vaccines and microbicides: report of the EUROPRISE annual conference 2011.	Journal of translational medicine	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34663320	Health care providers' attitudes toward and experiences delivering oral PrEP to adolescent girls and young women in Kenya, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.	BMC health services research	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
17719277	Genome analysis shows a common evolutionary origin for the dominant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a UK South Asian community.	Tuberculosis (Edinburgh, Scotland)	2007	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21976645	Vaginal langerhans cells nonproductively transporting HIV-1 mediate infection of T cells.	Journal of virology	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34234668	Overview of Viral Pneumonia Associated With Influenza Virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Coronavirus, and Therapeutics Based on Natural Products of Medicinal Plants.	Frontiers in pharmacology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28060011	Topical tenofovir protects against vaginal simian HIV infection in macaques coinfected with Chlamydia trachomatis and Trichomonas vaginalis.	AIDS (London, England)	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21211700	Potential impact of vaginal microbicides on HIV risk among women with primary heterosexual partners.	The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27491299	Raman spectroscopy as a process analytical technology for pharmaceutical manufacturing and bioprocessing.	Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26633643	The promise and pitfalls of long-acting injectable agents for HIV prevention.	Current opinion in HIV and AIDS	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25224619	Learning from the private sector: towards a keener understanding of the end-user for microbicide introduction planning.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37549505	Next generation 3D-printed intravaginal ring for prevention of HIV and unintended pregnancy.	Biomaterials	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34240467	Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic evaluation of long-acting cabotegravir in healthy adults for HIV preexposure prophylaxis.	British journal of clinical pharmacology	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36303659	Systems Analysis Reveals Contraceptive-Induced Alteration of Cervicovaginal Gene Expression in a Randomized Trial.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24970195	Biophysical Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanism of Non-Nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.	Biomolecules	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28784672	Pharmacokinetics of the Protein Microbicide 5P12-RANTES in Sheep following Single-Dose Vaginal Gel Administration.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30799959	"We are not the same": African women's view of multipurpose prevention products in the TRIO clinical study.	International journal of women's health	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30265679	Safety and pharmacokinetics of single, dual, and triple antiretroviral drug formulations delivered by pod-intravaginal rings designed for HIV-1 prevention: A Phase I trial.	PLoS medicine	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30557160	The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and mucosal responses to maraviroc-containing pre-exposure prophylaxis regimens in MSM.	AIDS (London, England)	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21406981	Chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention: new opportunities and new questions.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33117884	Sustained Intracellular Raltegravir Depots Generated with Prodrugs Designed for Nanoparticle Delivery.	ACS biomaterials science & engineering	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28692209	The science of Durban, AIDS 2016.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31242909	NNRTI-induced HIV-1 protease-mediated cytotoxicity induces rapid death of CD4 T cells during productive infection and latency reversal.	Retrovirology	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33427767	Just4Us: Development of a Counselor-Navigator and Text Message Intervention to Promote PrEP Uptake Among Cisgender Women at Elevated Risk for HIV.	The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care : JANAC	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29386001	Evaluating the impact of DREAMS on HIV incidence among young women who sell sex: protocol for a non-randomised study in Zimbabwe.	BMC public health	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26787615	Sustained release of the candidate antiretroviral peptides T-1249 and JNJ54310516-AFP from a rod insert vaginal ring.	Drug delivery and translational research	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20426472	Colloid formation by drugs in simulated intestinal fluid.	Journal of medicinal chemistry	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23533733	Developing multipurpose reproductive health technologies: an integrated strategy.	AIDS research and treatment	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33519949	Potential immuno-nanomedicine strategies to fight COVID-19 like pulmonary infections.	Nano today	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32707283	Lactoferrin, a unique molecule with diverse therapeutical and nanotechnological applications.	International journal of biological macromolecules	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30906930	Development and Validation of an Immunoassay for Tenofovir in Urine as a Real-Time Metric of Antiretroviral Adherence.	EClinicalMedicine	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28802690	Nanoparticle-releasing nanofiber composites for enhanced in vivo vaginal retention.	Biomaterials	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27726428	Understanding the Intersection of Young Age, Mucosal Injury, and HIV Susceptibility.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35456668	The Development of Innovative Dosage Forms of the Fixed-Dose Combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients.	Pharmaceutics	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18434406	Incomplete protection against simian immunodeficiency virus vaginal transmission in rhesus macaques by a topical antiviral agent revealed by repeat challenges.	Journal of virology	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20659333	Rational design of HIV vaccine and microbicides: report of the EUROPRISE annual conference.	Journal of translational medicine	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24040241	Multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model of tenofovir delivery by a vaginal gel.	PloS one	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30815960	Review of Real-World Implementation Data on Emtricitabine-Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate as HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in the United States.	Pharmacotherapy	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25965309	CROI 2015: Advances in HIV Testing and Prevention Strategies.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19811670	XVII International AIDS Conference: From Evidence to Action - Clinical and biomedical prevention science.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
40477696	State-of-art high-performance Nano-systems for mutated coronavirus infection management: From Lab to Clinic.	OpenNano	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24837396	Women's perspectives on female-initiated barrier methods for the prevention of HIV in the context of methamphetamine use and partner violence.	Women's health issues : official publication of the Jacobs Institute of Women's Health	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37575094	Global associations of key populations with HIV-1 recombinants: a systematic review, global survey, and individual participant data meta-analysis.	Frontiers in public health	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26198344	Pre-exposure prophylaxis in Southern Africa: feasible or not?	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
15855503	Combination of candidate microbicides cellulose acetate 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate and UC781 has synergistic and complementary effects against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2005	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32202930	Contraception as a Potential Gateway to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis: US Women's Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Modality Preferences Align with Their Birth Control Practices.	AIDS patient care and STDs	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23764642	Antiretroviral pharmacology in mucosal tissues.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23146561	A phenyl-thiadiazolylidene-amine derivative ejects zinc from retroviral nucleocapsid zinc fingers and inactivates HIV virions.	Retrovirology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32111013	Design of Biphenyl-Substituted Diarylpyrimidines with a Cyanomethyl Linker as HIV-1 NNRTIs via a Molecular Hybridization Strategy.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23764623	Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: where have we been and where are we going?	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22971053	How effective is effective enough? Opinions of potential end-users of microbicides from a rural South African community.	AIDS care	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21868821	HIV epidemiology and breakthroughs in prevention 30 years into the AIDS epidemic.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19022262	Structure and function of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: molecular mechanisms of polymerization and inhibition.	Journal of molecular biology	2009	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28598901	HIV preexposure prophylaxis for adolescents and young adults.	Current opinion in pediatrics	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28110473	How Presentation of Drug Detection Results Changed Reports of Product Adherence in South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe.	AIDS and behavior	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25159165	Chemokine receptor CCR5 antagonist maraviroc: medicinal chemistry and clinical applications.	Current topics in medicinal chemistry	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
35146592	Meta-Analysis of Drug Delivery Approaches for Treating Intracellular Infections.	Pharmaceutical research	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23209601	Drug-eluting fibers for HIV-1 inhibition and contraception.	PloS one	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32071434	The microbiome and gynaecological cancer development, prevention and therapy.	Nature reviews. Urology	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26276246	Meaning-making matters in product design: users' sensory perceptions and experience evaluations of long-acting vaginal gels and intravaginal rings.	Contraception	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22924614	Antiviral activity of retrocyclin RC-101, a candidate microbicide against cell-associated HIV-1.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26198341	The promises and challenges of pre-exposure prophylaxis as part of the emerging paradigm of combination HIV prevention.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20397940	Preventing HIV infection in women: a global health imperative.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36303982	Health Care Providers as Agents of Change: Integrating PrEP With Other Sexual and Reproductive Health Services for Adolescent Girls and Young Women.	Frontiers in reproductive health	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22778958	HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Still Remains a New Drug Target: Structure, Function, Classical Inhibitors, and New Inhibitors with Innovative Mechanisms of Actions.	Molecular biology international	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20308384	The M230L nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutation in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase impairs enzymatic function and viral replicative capacity.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30876951	Sustained release silk fibroin discs: Antibody and protein delivery for HIV prevention.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22002729	Promising prevention approaches: tenofovir gel and prophylactic use of antiretroviral medications.	Current HIV/AIDS reports	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38486991	Structure-based design and optimization lead to the identification of novel dihydrothiopyrano[3,2-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine derivatives as potent HIV-1 inhibitors against drug-resistant variants.	Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27747258	Using Cognitive Interviews to Enhance Measurement in Empirical Bioethics: Developing a Measure of the Preventive Misconception in Biomedical HIV Prevention Trials.	AJOB empirical bioethics	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22927765	Potential role of tenofovir vaginal gel for reduction of risk of herpes simplex virus in females.	International journal of women's health	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31479452	Integrating preexposure prophylaxis delivery in routine family planning clinics: A feasibility programmatic evaluation in Kenya.	PLoS medicine	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22821365	What primary care providers need to know about preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention: a narrative review.	Annals of internal medicine	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32717282	The Lord of the NanoRings: Cyclodextrins and the battle against SARS-CoV-2.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31472458	Synthesis of a long acting nanoformulated emtricitabine ProTide.	Biomaterials	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22607556	Combinations of griffithsin with other carbohydrate-binding agents demonstrate superior activity against HIV Type 1, HIV Type 2, and selected carbohydrate-binding agent-resistant HIV Type 1 strains.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24330537	Women and HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa.	AIDS research and therapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25059942	Combination HIV prevention for female sex workers: what is the evidence?	Lancet (London, England)	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31265254	Human Vault Nanoparticle Targeted Delivery of Antiretroviral Drugs to Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection.	Bioconjugate chemistry	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32229493	Rapid-Release Griffithsin Fibers for Dual Prevention of HSV-2 and HIV-1 Infections.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33561143	HIV incidence after pre-exposure prophylaxis initiation among women and men at elevated HIV risk: A population-based study in rural Kenya and Uganda.	PLoS medicine	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32352969	Factors influencing uptake, continuation, and discontinuation of oral PrEP among clients at sex worker and MSM facilities in South Africa.	PloS one	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27571742	Preferred Physical Characteristics of Vaginal Film Microbicides for HIV Prevention in Pittsburgh Women.	Archives of sexual behavior	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38005253	Study Models of Drug-Drug Interactions Involving P-Glycoprotein: The Potential Benefit of P-Glycoprotein Modulation at the Kidney and Intestinal Levels.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29192368	Are Anal Sex Roles Associated with Preferences for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Administration Modalities Among Men Who Have Sex with Men?	Archives of sexual behavior	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20194691	3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride-modified chicken ovalbumin exhibits potent and broad anti-HIV-1 activity: a potential microbicide for preventing sexual transmission of HIV-1.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30976663	Non-adherence among women enrolled in a contraceptive vaginal ring use study in Kisumu, Kenya, 2014-2015.	Journal of global health reports	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34361174	Recent Progress in Nanotechnology for COVID-19 Prevention, Diagnostics and Treatment.	Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
1774251	Identification of mycobacteria by high-performance liquid chromatography.	Journal of clinical microbiology	1991	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28880948	Prevention of vaginal and rectal HIV transmission by antiretroviral combinations in humanized mice.	PloS one	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26605514	A phase 1 randomized placebo-controlled safety and pharmacokinetic trial of a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate vaginal ring.	AIDS (London, England)	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28732773	Efficacy of oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV among women with abnormal vaginal microbiota: a post-hoc analysis of the randomised, placebo-controlled Partners PrEP Study.	The lancet. HIV	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34800616	A mucoadhesive biodissolvable thin film for localized and rapid delivery of lidocaine for the treatment of vestibulodynia.	International journal of pharmaceutics	2022	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
17494078	Molecular umbrellas: a novel class of candidate topical microbicides to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus infections.	Journal of virology	2007	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30043070	Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2018 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel.	JAMA	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21896906	Development of dual-acting pyrimidinediones as novel and highly potent topical anti-HIV microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30904587	Nano-based approach to combat emerging viral (NIPAH virus) infection.	Nanomedicine : nanotechnology, biology, and medicine	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27791451	CCR5 receptor antagonists in preclinical to phase II clinical development for treatment of HIV.	Expert opinion on investigational drugs	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34276652	Potential Therapeutic Targets and Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic Management: A Review on the Recent Update.	Frontiers in immunology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28130774	Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention: Safety Concerns.	Drug safety	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25114528	Enhanced activity of carbosilane dendrimers against HIV when combined with reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs: searching for more potent microbicides.	International journal of nanomedicine	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24174884	Intravaginal rings as delivery systems for microbicides and multipurpose prevention technologies.	International journal of women's health	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23721408	The utility of self-emulsifying oil formulation to improve the poor solubility of the anti HIV drug CSIC.	AIDS research and therapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25501616	Models for predicting effective HIV chemoprevention in women.	Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
16103169	The nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor UC-781 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human cervical tissue and dissemination by migratory cells.	Journal of virology	2005	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26723526	Controlling the hydration rate of a hydrophilic matrix in the core of an intravaginal ring determines antiretroviral release.	Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33534791	Safety, acceptability, and pharmacokinetics of a monoclonal antibody-based vaginal multipurpose prevention film (MB66): A Phase I randomized trial.	PLoS medicine	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33351805	Development and initial validation of a simple tool to screen for partner support or opposition to HIV prevention product use.	PloS one	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27275923	Topical Delivery of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Emtricitabine from Pod-Intravaginal Rings Protects Macaques from Multiple SHIV Exposures.	PloS one	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31498109	Antiretroviral therapy and vaginally administered contraceptive hormones: a three-arm, pharmacokinetic study.	The lancet. HIV	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26263403	Antiretroviral activity and safety of once-daily etravirine in treatment-naive HIV-infected adults: 48-week results.	Antiviral therapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21234299	Computational Analysis of Molecular Interaction Networks Underlying Change of HIV-1 Resistance to Selected Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors.	Bioinformatics and biology insights	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30250170	Griffithsin carrageenan fast dissolving inserts prevent SHIV HSV-2 and HPV infections in vivo.	Nature communications	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24803409	Expression and localization of p-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance protein 4, and breast cancer resistance protein in the female lower genital tract of human and pigtailed macaque.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26999009	Drivers of Vaginal Drug Delivery System Acceptability from Internet-Based Conjoint Analysis.	PloS one	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
36130204	New antiretroviral inhibitors and HIV-1 drug resistance: more focus on 90% HIV-1 isolates?	FEMS microbiology reviews	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31969438	Long-Acting Rilpivirine (RPV) Preexposure Prophylaxis Does Not Inhibit Vaginal Transmission of RPV-Resistant HIV-1 or Select for High-Frequency Drug Resistance in Humanized Mice.	Journal of virology	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22701234	Antiretroviral drugs: critical issues and recent advances.	Indian journal of pharmacology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23422558	Snapshot of the equilibrium dynamics of a drug bound to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	Nature chemistry	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29856848	A randomised trial of a contraceptive vaginal ring in women at risk of HIV infection in Rwanda: Safety of intermittent and continuous use.	PloS one	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30917532	Pharmaceutical Vehicles for Vaginal and Rectal Administration of Anti-HIV Microbicide Nanosystems.	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24500422	Prevention interventions for human immunodeficiency virus in drug-using women with a history of partner violence.	Substance abuse and rehabilitation	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30941148	Drug Repurposing Approaches for the Treatment of Influenza Viral Infection: Reviving Old Drugs to Fight Against a Long-Lived Enemy.	Frontiers in immunology	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29117512	Mucus models to evaluate the diffusion of drugs and particles.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28402930	HIV Treatment and Prevention: An Overview of Recommendations From the IAS-USA Antiretroviral Guidelines Panel.	Topics in antiviral medicine	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37794965	Integration of HIV prevention and sexual and reproductive health in the era of anti-retroviral-based prevention: findings from assessments in Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe.	Gates open research	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
19949052	Ex vivo comparison of microbicide efficacies for preventing HIV-1 genomic integration in intraepithelial vaginal cells.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30755713	Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts from the Human Female Reproductive Tract Accumulate and Release TFV and TAF to Sustain Inhibition of HIV Infection of CD4+ T cells.	Scientific reports	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29434285	Generation of a Dual-Target, Safe, Inexpensive Microbicide that Protects Against HIV-1 and HSV-2 Disease.	Scientific reports	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29317618	Development of an oral once-weekly drug delivery system for HIV antiretroviral therapy.	Nature communications	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18776937	Efficacy of Carraguard-based microbicides in vivo despite variable in vitro activity.	PloS one	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
31540519	Rational Development of Liposomal Hydrogels: A Strategy for Topical Vaginal Antiretroviral Drug Delivery in the Context of HIV Prevention.	Pharmaceutics	2019	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22508307	UC781 microbicide gel retains anti-HIV activity in cervicovaginal lavage fluids collected following twice-daily vaginal application.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33319339	Eliciting Preferences for HIV Prevention Technologies: A Systematic Review.	The patient	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26307825	Thermosensitive Gel Containing Cellulose Acetate Phthalate-Efavirenz Combination Nanoparticles for Prevention of HIV-1 Infection.	Journal of biomedical nanotechnology	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28986029	Daily and non-daily pre-exposure prophylaxis in African women (HPTN 067/ADAPT Cape Town Trial): a randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial.	The lancet. HIV	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
38399244	Polymer Delivery Systems for Long-Acting Antiretroviral Drugs.	Pharmaceutics	2024	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23236282	MiniCD4 microbicide prevents HIV infection of human mucosal explants and vaginal transmission of SHIV(162P3) in cynomolgus macaques.	PLoS pathogens	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26508513	Impact of Sex on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of 1% Tenofovir Gel.	Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
33094324	Exploring lectin-glycan interactions to combat COVID-19: Lessons acquired from other enveloped viruses.	Glycobiology	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21042056	HIV prevention research: taking stock and the way forward.	AIDS (London, England)	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
18679181	Nonprofit biomedical companies.	Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics	2008	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23966779	Novel intravaginal nanomedicine for the targeted delivery of saquinavir to CD4+ immune cells.	International journal of nanomedicine	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24088682	Assessing the effect of hormonal contraception on HIV acquisition in observational data: challenges and recommended analytic approaches.	AIDS (London, England)	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
37439057	Systematic review of the values and preferences regarding the use of injectable pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV acquisition.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2023	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27611224	The Effect of Commonly Used Excipients on the Epithelial Integrity of Human Cervicovaginal Tissue.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25065548	Characterization of porous, dexamethasone-releasing polyurethane coatings for glucose sensors.	Acta biomaterialia	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20605472	[d4U]-spacer-[HI-236] double-drug inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase.	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34164934	Intervening for HIV prevention and mental health: a review of global literature.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27450669	Abolishing HIV-1 infectivity using a polypurine tract-specific G-quadruplex-forming oligonucleotide.	BMC infectious diseases	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25218950	Meeting report: 27th International conference on antiviral research, in Raleigh, NC, USA.	Antiviral research	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
30408115	Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of long-acting injectable cabotegravir in low-risk HIV-uninfected individuals: HPTN 077, a phase 2a randomized controlled trial.	PLoS medicine	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24570597	New and emerging contraceptives: a state-of-the-art review.	International journal of women's health	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22993165	Molecular mechanism of antagonism between the Y181C and E138K mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	Journal of virology	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27550363	Griffithsin-Modified Electrospun Fibers as a Delivery Scaffold To Prevent HIV Infection.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20096804	Therapeutic strategies underpinning the development of novel techniques for the treatment of HIV infection.	Drug discovery today	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25870063	MIV-150/zinc acetate gel inhibits cell-associated simian-human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase infection in a macaque vaginal explant model.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25724507	Tailored combination prevention packages and PrEP for young key populations.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27142091	Biomarkers and biometric measures of adherence to use of ARV-based vaginal rings.	Journal of the International AIDS Society	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21109065	Preventing mucosal HIV transmission with topical microbicides: challenges and opportunities.	Antiviral research	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21385339	Rectal microbicides: clinically relevant approach to the design of rectal specific placebo formulations.	AIDS research and therapy	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26491256	Maraviroc: a review of its use in HIV infection and beyond.	Drug design, development and therapy	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
25987851	Pre-exposure prophylaxis for sexually-acquired HIV risk management: a review.	HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29402886	Creation of a long-acting nanoformulated dolutegravir.	Nature communications	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28600625	An intravaginal ring that releases three antiviral agents and a contraceptive blocks SHIV-RT infection, reduces HSV-2 shedding, and suppresses hormonal cycling in rhesus macaques.	Drug delivery and translational research	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24913168	Electrospun solid dispersions of Maraviroc for rapid intravaginal preexposure prophylaxis of HIV.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26247927	Nanostructures for the Inhibition of Viral Infections.	Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23745166	Advances in the prevention of heterosexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among women in the United States.	Infectious disease reports	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
26944096	Getting into the brain: Potential of nanotechnology in the management of NeuroAIDS.	Advanced drug delivery reviews	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23612196	Effect of mutations at position E138 in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and their interactions with the M184I mutation on defining patterns of resistance to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors rilpivirine and etravirine.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29229609	Recent advances in pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV.	BMJ (Clinical research ed.)	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20107502	Postcoital bioavailability and antiviral activity of 0.5% PRO 2000 gel: implications for future microbicide clinical trials.	PloS one	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
29953547	Randomized, placebo controlled phase I trial of safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and acceptability of tenofovir and tenofovir plus levonorgestrel vaginal rings in women.	PloS one	2018	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
15923284	Effectiveness of female controlled barrier methods in preventing sexually transmitted infections and HIV: current evidence and future research directions.	Sexually transmitted infections	2005	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21736940	pH-responsive nanoparticles releasing tenofovir intended for the prevention of HIV transmission.	European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics : official journal of Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik e.V	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23403432	Efficient single tobamoviral vector-based bioproduction of broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 monoclonal antibody VRC01 in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and utility of VRC01 in combination microbicides.	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22848825	The Continuing Evolution of HIV-1 Therapy: Identification and Development of Novel Antiretroviral Agents Targeting Viral and Cellular Targets.	Molecular biology international	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
28589452	On-demand microbicide products: design matters.	Drug delivery and translational research	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23055735	Anti-HIV-1 nanotherapeutics: promises and challenges for the future.	International journal of nanomedicine	2012	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
8195387	Rapid identification of mycolic acid patterns of mycobacteria by high-performance liquid chromatography using pattern recognition software and a Mycobacterium library.	Journal of clinical microbiology	1994	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20373263	siRNA-based topical microbicides targeting sexually transmitted infections.	Current opinion in molecular therapeutics	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21901072	Targeting human immunodeficiency virus type 1 assembly, maturation and budding.	Drug target insights	2007	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
24180360	Designing preclinical perceptibility measures to evaluate topical vaginal gel formulations: relating user sensory perceptions and experiences to formulation properties.	AIDS research and human retroviruses	2014	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20174579	In vitro and ex vivo testing of tenofovir shows it is effective as an HIV-1 microbicide.	PloS one	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
22995540	Contraception technology: past, present and future.	Contraception	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
20527972	Diarylaniline derivatives as a distinct class of HIV-1 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors.	Journal of medicinal chemistry	2010	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
23724015	The lantibiotic peptide labyrinthopeptin A1 demonstrates broad anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity with potential for microbicidal applications.	PloS one	2013	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
21833970	Interventions for prevention and treatment of vulvovaginal candidiasis in women with HIV infection.	The Cochrane database of systematic reviews	2011	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27404187	Antiretroviral Drugs for Treatment and Prevention of HIV Infection in Adults: 2016 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel.	JAMA	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27134415	Stimulus-responsive hydrogels: Theory, modern advances, and applications.	Materials science & engineering. R, Reports : a review journal	2015	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
no identifier	2501 : Depression and mental health service use: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2006–2012	Journal of clinical and translational science	2017	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
27281742	Approved Antiviral Drugs over the Past 50 Years.	Clinical microbiology reviews	2016	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
32855739	Classification of <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Penicillium</i>, <i>Talaromyces</i> and related genera (<i>Eurotiales</i>): An overview of families, genera, subgenera, sections, series and species.	Studies in mycology	2020	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.
34292926	Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021.	MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports	2021	R1	Neither dapivirine nor any development code appears in the title or the abstract. The record matched the query in full text or in its reference list, so it is not a report OF a dapivirine study.

Groups sum to 1443 of 1443 screened records.

In this section: Extraction — every datum linked to its source · Outcome primary · Registry extraction — flow, populations, and the arm-code trap · The index means different arms in different modules of one registration · Participant flow and the analysis population · The analysis populations, verbatim · What the posted results answer in RoB 2 · Domain 3, derived from the tool's own table and NOT applied · Recompute envelope — the headline against the rows shown · Outcome primary · Two count bases — both pooled, and the headline named · Outcome primary · Harms — both trials, and why they are not pooled · Serious adverse events · Deaths · Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses · Outcome primary — RR 0.703 · Risk of bias (RoB-2) · Overall judgement per trial · Inter-assessor agreement · References · Included studies · Regulatory documents · Methods and guidance · Sources · HIV-1 seroconversion · HIV-1 seroconversion · Pooled result · Contributing trials · Does the answer depend on the pooling method? · By age at enrolment

Extraction — every datum linked to its source

Every per-trial value this review pools, with a link to the record it came from. Derived by ssot/projectors_evidence.py for any topic whose rows carry an NCT, a PMID, an ISRCTN or a source URL.

2 of 2 rows are linked to a source; 0 carry no identifier and are shown as unlinked rather than omitted.

Outcome primary

Every extracted value with a link to the record it was read from.
Trial	Source	Linked via	Effect	Counts as posted	Provenance
The Ring Study / IPM 027	NCT01539226	source_url	RR 0.6711 (0.4884 to 0.9221)	dapivirine_ring_events 82, dapivirine_ring_n 1302, placebo_ring_events 61, placebo_ring_n 650	REGISTRY -- ClinicalTrials.gov posted results
ASPIRE / MTN-020	NCT01617096	source_url	RR 0.732 (0.5442 to 0.9845)	dapivirine_ring_events 71, dapivirine_ring_n 1313, placebo_ring_events 97, placebo_ring_n 1313	REGISTRY -- ClinicalTrials.gov posted results

Registry extraction — flow, populations, and the arm-code trap

Participant flow, analysis populations and harms read from ClinicalTrials.gov POSTED RESULTS by machine, for both contributing trials. Nothing here is transcribed.

The index means different arms in different modules of one registration

⚠️ ON NCT01539226 THE GROUP INDEX MEANS DIFFERENT ARMS IN DIFFERENT MODULES OF THE SAME REGISTRATION. Baseline, participant flow and adverse events all put PLACEBO at index 000. The outcome-measures module -- the one carrying the effect estimate -- puts DAPIVIRINE at index 000. On NCT01617096 all four modules put dapivirine first.

Table 12. The index means different arms in different modules of one registration
Registration	Module	What index 000 is
`NCT01539226`	baseline	Placebo Vaginal Ring
`NCT01539226`	participant_flow	Placebo Vaginal Ring
`NCT01539226`	adverse_events	Placebo Vaginal Ring
`NCT01539226`	outcome_measures	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring
`NCT01617096`	baseline	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring
`NCT01617096`	participant_flow	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring
`NCT01617096`	adverse_events	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring
`NCT01617096`	outcome_measures	Dapivirine Vaginal Ring

An extractor that joins the flow table to the outcome table on the index number, which is the obvious join, swaps the arms of ONE of these two trials and not the other. It would not fail; it would return a completed, plausible, inverted 2x2. On this pair the swap turns The Ring Study's RR of 0.6711 into 1.4901 and the pooled direction with it.

Two independent sources: the API's own group titles, and AACT `result_groups.result_type` + `title`. They agree.

The object stores 82/1302 dapivirine and 61/650 placebo for NCT01539226. The posted denominators are OG000 (Dapivirine Vaginal Ring) = 1302 and OG001 (Placebo Vaginal Ring) = 650, with values 82 and 61. THE STORED 2x2 IS CORRECT AND IS NOW CHECKED RATHER THAN ASSUMED. Same for NCT01617096: 71/1313 dapivirine, 97/1313 placebo.

Participant flow and the analysis population

Table 13. Participant flow and the analysis population
Registration	Randomised	Started, per arm	Analysed for the primary
`NCT01539226`	1959	placebo 652 / dapivirine 1307	1952 of 1959 (99.64%)
`NCT01617096`	2629	dapivirine 1313 / placebo 1316	2626 of 2629 (99.89%)

The analysis populations, verbatim

NCT01539226 — “This population consisted of all participants included in the ITT population (all randomised), excluding those who were not identified as HIV-seropositive at the Enrollment Visit, but who were later found to be already HIV-1 infected at enrollment through HIV-1 RNA PCR testing.”

NCT01617096 — “The primary effectiveness Cohort included all eligible randomised participants excluding participants deemed to be HIV-1 RNA positive at the time of randomization, based on retrospective PCR testing of stored blood samples taken at enrollment.”

`risk_of_bias.analysis_population_NOT_stated`, which has stood since this object was written. It is stated, in terms, in a free machine-readable field, and both trials use a MODIFIED intention-to-treat population of the same shape.

What the posted results answer in RoB 2

The answers below are recorded as EVIDENCE. No stored domain judgement is changed by this script. This object is governed by a two-assessor process with a recorded adjudication, and answering a signalling question is a different act from moving a domain. Collapsing the two is how a review quietly rates itself up.

3.1_outcome_data_for_all_or_nearly_all — was NO_INFORMATION -- a registration does not report it, now YES for both trials

STUDY DISCONTINUATION IS NOT MISSING OUTCOME DATA. NCT01539226 records 622 of 1959 (31.8%) as NOT COMPLETED and NCT01617096 records 285 of 2629 (10.8%), and a reader who took those as missingness would downgrade both trials. They are not: the endpoint is time to HIV-1 seroconversion, a participant who leaves at month six contributes six months of seronegative follow-up and is CENSORED, not missing. The number that answers 3.1 is the analysis population against the randomised total, and it is 99.6% and 99.9%.

NCT01539226: 1302 + 650 = 1952 analysed of 1959 randomised = 99.64%. Excluded: 5 of 1307 from dapivirine, 2 of 652 from placebo.

NCT01617096: 1313 + 1313 = 2626 of 2629 randomised = 99.89%. Excluded: 0 of 1313 from dapivirine, 3 of 1316 from placebo.

2.6_appropriate_analysis_for_the_effect_of_assignment — was NO_INFORMATION, now PROBABLY YES for both trials, and not YES

Both analyses are MODIFIED intention-to-treat: participants shown by retrospective PCR on stored enrolment samples to have been HIV-1 infected before randomisation are excluded. That is a post-randomisation exclusion and therefore a deviation from strict ITT, which is why the answer is not YES. It is PROBABLY YES rather than PROBABLY NO because the exclusion removes participants who could not experience the outcome, it is decided by a laboratory assay on stored specimens rather than by anyone who knew the allocation, and it is tiny -- 7 of 1959 and 3 of 2629.

Whether the excluded participants' allocation was known to whoever ran the retrospective PCR. The posted results do not say. The exclusion counts are small enough that it could not plausibly matter, and that is a judgement, stated as one.

Posted results do not report a concealment mechanism and neither does either registration. This remains the ONE signalling question that no free machine-readable source in this review has answered, and it is why NCT01539226's D1 stands at SOME CONCERNS. Naming it precisely is the point: the gap is one question on one domain on one trial, not an unspecified incompleteness.

Domain 3, derived from the tool's own table and NOT applied

Table 14. Domain 3, derived from the tool's own table and NOT applied
Answers	Domain	Table row
3.1 = NI	UNDERIVABLE	Table 10 defines no row for 3.2 = NI: every row requires 3.2 in {Y/PY, N/PN}. Table 9 cannot be met either. UNDERIVABLE.
3.1 = YES	LOW	Table 10 row 1: 3.1 = Y/PY -> Low

A prediction logged before the extraction ran said the flow data would NOT move the domain, "because 3.2-3.4 concern differential missingness and dependence on the true value, which the flow table alone cannot answer". Table 10 never reaches 3.2-3.4 when 3.1 is YES. The reasoning was wrong and the consequence is the opposite of what was predicted: the domain moves to LOW, on the tool's first row, for both trials. Scored in evidence/2026-08-30-dapivirine-ahead/PREDICTIONS_SCORED.md.

No stored domain judgement is changed. No overall risk-of-bias rating is changed. No GRADE certainty is changed. This moves the rating in the direction that flatters this review, and it was found by the person who gathered the evidence. That is the exact case the standing two-assessor process exists for -- see `risk_of_bias.ONE_ASSESSOR_ONLY` and `risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21`. A derivation shown is a proposal; a derivation applied by its own author is a review rating itself up.

The risk-of-bias downgrade's stated reason is "D2 and D3 are NO_INFORMATION and on a PrEP trial those are the adherence and attrition domains -- the ones that decide whether an intention-to-treat ring effect reflects the drug or its use". If D3 becomes LOW that reason is half retired, and the downgrade would need re-deriving rather than merely re-labelling. NOT DONE HERE, for the same reason.

Recompute envelope — the headline against the rows shown

Derived by ssot/recompute_envelope.py. The pooled number is recomputed from the per-trial rows this same page shows, so the arithmetic between the extraction table and the headline is checkable with no tool the reader does not already have.

Outcome primary

Table 15. Outcome primary
Source	Point	95% CI
stored on this page	0.703	—
fixed effect, recomputed from the rows	0.703	0.566 to 0.8731
DerSimonian-Laird, recomputed	0.703	0.566 to 0.8731

AGREES -- the stored point lies between the fixed-effect and DerSimonian-Laird estimates computed from the rows this page shows.

Scale used: log. Declared estimator: REML.

It proves the ARITHMETIC between the extraction table and the headline. It cannot detect a wrong count, a swapped arm or a mis-specified model, because it re-runs the same inputs.

DerSimonian-Laird is biased at k below about ten and this project uses REML. DL is here only to WIDEN the envelope so a REML point falls inside it; it is never offered as the review's estimate.

Two count bases — both pooled, and the headline named

Derived by ssot/count_bases.py. Any topic declaring two or more count bases renders BOTH pools side by side and names which is the review's answer. A page carrying two estimates for one result and naming neither is a worse defect than either being wrong.

Outcome primary

Table 16. Outcome primary
Basis	Scale	Pooled
`registry_posted_results` (headline) ClinicalTrials.gov posted results, resultsSection.outcomeMeasuresModule, read 2026-08-30 via API v2.	risk	0.703 (0.566 to 0.8731)
`trial_publications` Nel A et al, N Engl J Med 2016, PMID 27959766; Baeten JM et al, N Engl J Med 2016, PMID 26900902 / PMC4993693. Counts and person-years read from the published abstracts 2026-08-30.	rate	0.7037 (0.5598 to 0.8845)

The bases differ by 0.10% on the pooled point. The counts themselves differ on 1 trial(s), named above -- so the agreement of the pools is a fact about this topic and not a property of the two sources.

EVENT COUNTS ONLY -- the two bases are on different scales (risk against rate), so their denominators differ by definition and comparing them would manufacture a disagreement.

Table 17. Outcome primary
Trial	Basis A	Basis B
`NCT01539226`	82 vs 61	77 vs 56

Choosing the document chooses the measure: participants give a risk ratio, person-time gives a rate ratio. Where the two bases use different scales that is an estimand change nobody decided separately.

Harms — both trials, and why they are not pooled

Serious adverse events and deaths, per arm, both trials, from ClinicalTrials.gov posted results. THE REVIEW HELD ONE OUTCOME BEFORE THIS -- HIV-1 seroconversion -- and outcome scope was scored against it 0-2 by blinded judges.

Serious adverse events

Table 18. Serious adverse events
Registration	Dapivirine	Placebo	Risk ratio (95% CI)
`NCT01539226`	41 / 1306	9 / 652	2.2743 (1.1122 to 4.6506)
`NCT01617096`	116 / 1313	130 / 1316	0.8943 (0.7047 to 1.1351)

THE TWO PLACEBO ARMS DIFFER SEVEN-FOLD. Serious adverse events occurred in 9 of 652 placebo participants (1.38%) in NCT01539226 and 130 of 1316 (9.88%) in NCT01617096 -- a ratio of 7.2 -- in trials that enrolled women of the same ages, in the same four countries, over overlapping years, against the same placebo ring. A seven-fold difference in the CONTROL arm is a difference in what was counted and reported, not in what happened. Pooling across it produces a number (0.9817) that is arithmetic wearing the clothes of evidence.

Fixed-effect Q = 5.8868 on 1 degree of freedom, p = 0.0153. The two relative risks are 2.27 (1.11 to 4.65) and 0.89 (0.70 to 1.14): they do not merely differ in size, THEY POINT IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS and one of them excludes no difference.

Both 2x2s, both relative risks, both intervals, and this reason. A reader who disagrees can pool them in one line from the counts printed here. Declining to pool is a judgement and it is shown rather than enacted silently.

⚠️ NCT01539226's serious-adverse-event relative risk of 2.27 excludes no difference. It is NOT reported here as a harm signal: it sits beside a companion trial showing 0.89, on a control-arm rate seven times lower, which is the signature of an ascertainment difference rather than of a hazard. It is shown because hiding an inconvenient interval is worse than showing one that needs explaining.

Deaths

Table 19. Deaths
Registration	Dapivirine	Placebo	Risk ratio (95% CI)
`NCT01539226`	2 / 1306	3 / 652	0.3328 (0.0558 to 1.9869)
`NCT01617096`	4 / 1313	3 / 1316	1.3364 (0.2997 to 5.9593)

Twelve events across two trials. A pooled relative risk on 12 events would carry an interval spanning an order of magnitude in both directions and would be reported as if it were a finding. The counts are given.

Q = 1.3679 on 1 df, p = 0.2422 -- consistent, but on 12 deaths in 4587 participants the statistic has essentially no power and consistency here is not evidence of anything.

⚠️ THIS IS NOT A FULL HARMS REVIEW. It reports the two summary categories the registry posts -- serious adverse events and deaths -- per arm. It does not extract the MedDRA system-organ-class tables, does not address the genital-and-urinary events that are the relevant harms for a vaginal ring, and does not search for harms outside these two registrations. Outcome scope is WIDER than it was and is still narrower than a Cochrane review's.

Both papers are free to read and both report adverse events in prose and tables. The registry is used because it gives the counts in a fixed schema with a per-arm denominator, so the extraction is checkable field by field and the arm mapping is explicit. The papers are the cross-check, not the source.

Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses

Derived by ssot/absolute_effect.py for any topic with a pooled ratio measure AND a declared indirectness argument. Where either is missing it DECLINES with a reason rather than emitting a table the review has not licensed — a ratio becomes an absolute effect only against a baseline risk, and a baseline risk belongs to a population.

Outcome primary — RR 0.703

A single assumed baseline risk is a modelling choice the review author makes on behalf of a jurisdiction they do not know. The grid is given so the reader applies their own incidence.

Table 20. Outcome primary — RR 0.703
Baseline per 1000	With the intervention	Events prevented (95% CI)	NNT
0.5	0.3515	0.1485 (0.0635 to 0.217)	6734 (4608 to 15760)
1.0	0.703	0.297 (0.1269 to 0.434)	3367 (2304 to 7880)
2.0	1.406	0.594 (0.2538 to 0.868)	1684 (1152 to 3940)
5.0	3.515	1.485 (0.6345 to 2.17)	673 (461 to 1576)
10.0	7.03	2.97 (1.269 to 4.34)	337 (230 to 788)
20.0	14.06	5.94 (2.538 to 8.68)	168 (115 to 394)
50.0	35.15	14.85 (6.345 to 21.7)	67 (46 to 158)

A risk ratio applied to a baseline risk, which is the arithmetic GRADE's summary-of-findings table performs.

Licensed by stored_indirectness_domain: Downgraded one level for indirectness of POPULATION. The question is "in women", UNQUALIFIED. The evidence is women aged 18-45 (ClinicalTrials.gov, read 2026-08-30: both trials FEMALE, min 18 / max 45) recruited in four sub-Saharan African countries. A pooled effect from one region and one age band is not a direct answer to a question about women without qualification.

Risk of bias (RoB-2)

Variant:

Unit assessed: —

Assessor 1: (anthropic family). Assessor 2: (openai family).

Table 21. Risk of bias (RoB-2)
Trial	Result assessed	Domain	Assessor 1 (anthropic)	Assessor 2 (openai)	Agreed
The Ring Study / IPM 027	HIV-1 seroconversion	D1 D1_randomisation_process	some concerns	some concerns	yes
The Ring Study / IPM 027	HIV-1 seroconversion	D2 D2_deviations_from_intended_intervention	LOW	no information	NO
The Ring Study / IPM 027	HIV-1 seroconversion	D3 D3_missing_outcome_data	LOW	no information	NO
The Ring Study / IPM 027	HIV-1 seroconversion	D4 D4_measurement_of_the_outcome	LOW	LOW	yes
The Ring Study / IPM 027	HIV-1 seroconversion	D5 D5_selection_of_the_reported_result	LOW	LOW	yes
ASPIRE / MTN-020	HIV-1 seroconversion	D1 D1_randomisation_process	LOW	some concerns	NO
ASPIRE / MTN-020	HIV-1 seroconversion	D2 D2_deviations_from_intended_intervention	LOW	no information	NO
ASPIRE / MTN-020	HIV-1 seroconversion	D3 D3_missing_outcome_data	LOW	no information	NO
ASPIRE / MTN-020	HIV-1 seroconversion	D4 D4_measurement_of_the_outcome	LOW	LOW	yes
ASPIRE / MTN-020	HIV-1 seroconversion	D5 D5_selection_of_the_reported_result	LOW	LOW	yes

Overall judgement per trial

Table 22. Overall judgement per trial
Trial	Result assessed	Assessor 1 (anthropic)	Assessor 2 (openai)	Agreed
The Ring Study / IPM 027	HIV-1 seroconversion	some concerns	some concerns	yes
ASPIRE / MTN-020	HIV-1 seroconversion	LOW	some concerns	NO

Inter-assessor agreement

This assessment is DUAL — two assessors from different model families, the second asked blind — and the disagreements have been ADJUDICATED. ASPIRE / MTN-020 → LOW. NCT01617096 (ASPIRE): LOW from the trial report, SOME_CONCERNS from the earlier assessment.

Both assessors’ per-result judgements remain in the table above, unchanged, so a reader can see what each said rather than only the outcome. The adjudicated value is this review’s finding; the individual judgements are the working.

The two assessors did not weigh the same evidence differently -- THEY READ DIFFERENT DOCUMENTS, and one of them cannot answer the questions at issue. The earlier assessment was made against the ClinicalTrials.gov registration and recorded NO_INFORMATION on D1, D2 and D3, which is the correct answer FOR THAT DOCUMENT: a registration states neither an allocation-concealment mechanism, nor the analysis population, nor how missing outcome data were handled. The later assessment read the trial’s own primary report (PMC4993693), where all three are stated, and applied rob2_algorithm unchanged. So this is not a judgement call between two readings; it is a gap closed by a document the first assessor did not have.

References

Included studies

The Ring Study / IPM 027 — https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01539226
ASPIRE / MTN-020 — https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01617096

Regulatory documents

Methods and guidance

Sources

Table 23. Sources
Layer	Source	How it was obtained
Trial primary report, open access via PubMed Central	Baeten et al. Use of a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine for HIV-1 Prevention in Women. N Engl J Med 2016. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993693/	Staged because the page's headline clinical figure -- 56% protection in women over 21 -- was grounded in nothing we held. Source: ASPIRE, PMID 26900902, PMC4993693, doi 10.1056/NEJMoa1506110, retrieved 2026-08-30. Zero hits for '56' or 'age-strat' in this object, no sources directory existed, and the WHO guideline's two '56%' are the upper CI bound of a different estimate and a sexual-partner percentage. The figure is real and this file is where it lives: 'In a post hoc analysis, higher rates of HIV-1 protection were observed among women over the age of 21 years (56%; 95% CI, 31 to 71; P<0.001) but not among those 21 years of age or younger (-27%; 95% CI, -133 to 31; P = 0.45)'. The clinical reading states the 56% without 'post hoc' and without the interval.
Trial primary report	Nel et al. Safety and Efficacy of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in Women. N Engl J Med 2016.	PMID recovered 2026-08-30; the id converter returns no pmc id, so no open full text was reachable by this route. That is a statement about the routes tried, not a claim that no full text exists. The page's 'primary report not held -- paywalled' is consistent with this and is now backed by a named attempt rather than asserted.

HIV-1 seroconversion

Pooled result

RR 0.703 (0.566 to 0.8731), 95% interval

HIV-1 seroconversion. random-effects, estimator REML, k = 2.

τ² 0 · I² 0% · Q 0.1533 on 1 df

Read this beside the estimate. This review is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both contributing registrations set a minimum eligibility age of 18 years -- NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, both female, both 18 to 45 years. The object does not hold enrolled-age distributions, so it cannot say whether any adolescent was actually enrolled. The estimate does not speak to people under 18 as an eligibility group, and GRADE indirectness is rated down for that reason.

Stated so the caution is not read wider than it is. The Ring Study ran in South Africa and Uganda; ASPIRE ran in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. By region this is directly the population of interest. The indirectness is about age alone.

The unadjusted interval is RR 0.7030 (0.5660 to 0.8731) and excludes no difference. This project's Hartung-Knapp interval at k = 2 is 0.1725 to 2.8655 -- and not 0.4054 to 1.2191, which is metafor's RAW unfloored knha interval and was misattributed to this project in the first version of this note and includes it. The honest reading of that is narrow: at k = 2 the t critical value is 12.7062 and almost nothing survives the adjustment, so this is much weaker evidence against the result than the same disagreement would be at larger k. It is disclosed because a reader is entitled to both intervals, not because it overturns the estimate.

A screen of eight records found NO published synthesis pooling HIV seroconversion across these two trials -- the five flagged syntheses are about adherence, acceptability and pregnancy outcomes. This estimate is unreplicated so far as this project has looked.

Both registrations register adverse events as a second primary outcome. This review carries only the efficacy primary. That is a scope fact, not a defect in the estimate, and it is recorded so a reader does not read this page as a benefit-and-harm summary.

Read this beside the estimate. This review is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both contributing trials set a minimum age of 18 years on their registrations -- NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, both female, both 18 to 45 years. No participant under 18 was eligible for either trial. The estimate does not speak to adolescent girls, and GRADE indirectness is rated down for it.

Corrected 2026-08-30 from ClinicalTrials.gov, read the same day: NCT01539226 is orgStudyId IPM 027, The Ring Study, n=1,959, and its registered locations are South Africa and Uganda; NCT01617096 is acronym ASPIRE, mtn-020, n=2,629, locations Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The previous wording attached each trial's facts to the other trial. ⛔ these two fields are prose with no NCT in the string, so neither this repo's NCT-keyed sweep nor the staging lane's gate could reach them -- both walk identifier keys. A name in free text has no key to walk. Found by rapidmeta-staging-33.

Contributing trials

Table 24. Contributing trials
Trial	Analysed treatment / control	RR (95% CI), or events	Source of this cell

Registered endpoint definitions were read from every contributing registration on 2026-08-18; this text is the object's own record of them.

Does the answer depend on the pooling method?

With two or three studies the Cochrane Handbook (10.10.4.4–10.10.4.5) asks for a sensitivity analysis comparing interval methods rather than a choice between them. Both are given here; the published interval is the first row.

Table 25. Does the answer depend on the pooling method?
Interval	Method	Summary (95% CI)
as published	REML	0.703 (0.566 to 0.8731)
sensitivity (Handbook 10.10.4.5)	REML with Hartung-Knapp, t on k-1 = 1 degree(s) of freedom (t = 12.7062)	0.703 (0.1725 to 2.8655)

The published point is 0.7030 and the house-rule point is 0.7030. The number a reader remembers does not move; what differs is the precision claim. That is why nothing downstream catches this -- every memorable quantity survives.

A floor of 1 is applied to the variance-inflation factor so the adjustment can never narrow an interval below the unadjusted one. That guard is the recognised modification for exactly this instability, and its existence is evidence the small-k behaviour is a known problem with known handling rather than a novel judgement.

By age at enrolment

Table 26. By age at enrolment
Stratum	Trials	RR (95% CI)	I²	What this stratum mixes
Under 25 years NCT01617096	1	efficacy, % reduction in HIV-1 incidence 10 (-41 to 43) efficacy 10%	not stated%	ASPIRE only; the Ring Study's own age analysis is not this number Prespecified stratum, and not a demonstration of no effect. Efficacy 10% (−41 to 43), P = 0.64 in the source: the interval is compatible with substantial benefit. What it establishes is that protection was not demonstrated in this stratum.
25 years or older NCT01617096	1	efficacy, % reduction in HIV-1 incidence 61 (32 to 77) efficacy 61%	not stated%	ASPIRE only; the Ring Study's own age analysis is not this number Prespecified stratum. ASPIRE's own prespecified age split; efficacy 61% (32 to 77), P<0.001 in the source.
21 years of age or younger NCT01617096	1	efficacy, % reduction in HIV-1 incidence -27 (-133 to 31) efficacy -27%	not stated%	ASPIRE only; the Ring Study's own age analysis is not this number Post hoc, and not a demonstration of no effect. The interval runs from -133% to 31%: compatible with substantial benefit and with substantial harm. What it establishes is that protection was not demonstrated. The source correlates the difference with reduced adherence and does not resolve product versus adherence.
22 to 26 years NCT01617096	1	efficacy, % reduction in HIV-1 incidence 56 (19 to 76) efficacy 56%	not stated%	ASPIRE only; the Ring Study's own age analysis is not this number Post hoc, and one of ASPIRE's three age bands. Reported alongside the other two so the gradient is visible: protection rises across the bands rather than switching on at 21. Restored after a migration collapsed the three bands into a single over-21 figure.
27 to 45 years NCT01617096	1	efficacy, % reduction in HIV-1 incidence 51 (8 to 74) efficacy 51%	not stated%	ASPIRE only; the Ring Study's own age analysis is not this number Post hoc, and one of ASPIRE's three age bands. Reported alongside the other two so the gradient is visible: protection rises across the bands rather than switching on at 21. Restored after a migration collapsed the three bands into a single over-21 figure.
Older than 21 years NCT01617096	1	efficacy, % reduction in HIV-1 incidence 56 (31 to 71) efficacy 56%	not stated%	ASPIRE only; the Ring Study's own age analysis is not this number Post hoc. The source's words: 'In a post hoc analysis'. Not a prespecified stratum.

Two of these strata are prespecified (under 25 versus 25 and over) and two are post hoc; each row says which. For the prespecified split the trial reports P = 0.02 for interaction, applying to the prespecified split (under 25 versus 25 and over). That test strengthens the prespecified split — it does not make the post-hoc strata prespecified, and no interaction test is reported for them. The source's words: “However, the efficacy of HIV-1 protection differed significantly according to age, with an efficacy of 61% (95% CI, 32 to 77; P<0.001) among women 25 years of age or older and 10% (95% CI, −41 to 43; P = 0.64) among those under the age of 25 years (P = 0.02 for interaction).” These strata are reported, not tested against one another beyond that single interaction test.

In this section: HIV-1 seroconversion · Forest plot · Visual abstract · Risk of bias, both assessors · GOSH · Trial-sequential analysis · Meta-regression

HIV-1 seroconversion

Forest plot

Drawn from the same stored estimates the table above lists. Box area is proportional to inverse-variance weight.

x-axis range

Fit to data 0.25 to 4

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All raster formats were generated at build time from the same SVG as the graphic above (SHA-256, first 16 hex characters: 559508f26d24f623), at 600 dpi for a 6-inch print width, on a white ground.

Submission formats written to the figures directory, not embedded here because an uncompressed 600 dpi TIFF is tens of megabytes: EPS (vector, journal's first choice for line art) — forest_fit.eps, 3 KB; TIFF (uncompressed, 600 dpi -- journal fallback) — forest_fit.tiff, 12,129 KB.

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All raster formats were generated at build time from the same SVG as the graphic above (SHA-256, first 16 hex characters: 049010e4db23686d), at 600 dpi for a 6-inch print width, on a white ground.

Submission formats written to the figures directory, not embedded here because an uncompressed 600 dpi TIFF is tens of megabytes: EPS (vector, journal's first choice for line art) — forest_w2.eps, 3 KB; TIFF (uncompressed, 600 dpi -- journal fallback) — forest_w2.tiff, 12,129 KB.

Changing the range moves the axis window only. The guides stay labelled with the null and the extremes of the plotted intervals, so no plotted value and no printed number differs between these views — and that is checked at build time, not asserted. Ranges not offered because they would crop the data: 0.5 to 2, 0.7 to 1.3.

Visual abstract

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All raster formats were generated at build time from the same SVG as the graphic above (SHA-256, first 16 hex characters: 713b6a12692e4096), at 600 dpi for a 6-inch print width, on a white ground.

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Projected from the canonical object, so it carries the same k, the same pooled estimate and the same interval as the paper and cannot drift from them. The interval is drawn to scale against the no-difference line, which it EXCLUDES: 0.566 to 0.873, with no difference at 1.

Risk of bias, both assessors

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Only the vector format is offered for this figure, by choice: it is line art — discrete marks, glyphs and labels — which SVG reproduces exactly at any size, so a raster would add weight without adding fidelity. The build was able to rasterise; it was asked not to.

Every cell carries BOTH independent cross-family assessments and they are not reconciled: showing one column would be a reconciliation presented as an observation. Glyph as well as colour, so the panel survives greyscale printing and colour-blind reading. A trial with no judgement is shown as a row of not-assessed markers rather than omitted, so a gap in the assessment cannot be mistaken for a clean assessment. Agreement as measured: {'per domain agreed': 5, 'per domain total': 10, 'per domain rate pct': 50.0, 'overall agreed': 1, 'overall total': 2, 'overall is derived': True, 'recomputed from the stored judgements': True, 'why recomputed': 'The stored disagreement tallies were frozen as text and 12 of 22 no longer match the judgements in the object -- a later guidance pass moved 51 the randomisation process judgements and the tallies were never recomputed. This is derived from what the object holds now.'}.

GOSH

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Deliberately not drawn. Every subset meta-analysis of 2 trials is 3 points; a cloud that small cannot show the multimodality GOSH exists to reveal, and a reader would take the picture as evidence of its absence.

Trial-sequential analysis

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TSA boundaries depend entirely on a target information size that must be pre-specified. This review's protocol registers none, so any boundary drawn here would be a parameter chosen after seeing the data -- which is the practice TSA exists to protect against.

Meta-regression

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The protocol pre-specifies no moderator, and at k = 2 a meta-regression would be fitted on 2 points. Not drawn rather than drawn with a caveat: a bubble plot invites reading a slope, and there is no slope here that any reader should read.

In this section: Summary of findings · Reproducibility artifact · Other recorded qualifications · Judgement register — what a harness cannot derive · Outcome primary — 5 of 8 declared, 2 of 8 undeclared · The judgement register — what a harness cannot derive · The judgements, each with its alternative and what that would change · The count · Standing rules — paid once for the corpus, not once per topic · Four readers, one store — and the check that they agree · The check · The one fact table all four are drawn from · Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses · For a health-technology-assessment body · For a guideline panel · For a clinician · For the public · HIV-1 seroconversion · Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)

Summary of findings

Table 27. Summary of findings
Outcome	k	Pooled effect	Certainty
HIV-1 seroconversion	2	RR 0.703 (0.566 to 0.873)	Very low¹

The summary-of-findings record derives it as: Started HIGH; rated down 3 level(s) across risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision; total -3 -> VERY_LOW. Both stored locations rate this outcome Very low, and their recorded grounds are not the same text. Both are stated above rather than one being chosen, because the two can differ in kind -- one recording what the trials were found to be, the other recording what could not be established about them.

Reproducibility artifact

Table 28. Reproducibility artifact
Canonical object	`—`
Registered at	`—` —
Schema	2
Object last updated	2026-08-18
Source object SHA-256, first 16 hex characters	`b7067f697e3efe0d`
Page generated	2026-08-31 07:40 UTC
Generator build	`2b372f9dd` (uncommitted generator changes -- NOT REPRODUCIBLE from this stamp alone). The standard this page was built to is NOT ESTABLISHED: this object carries no `build_stamp`, so the version above is the standard that exists now, not the one this page was built against.

This page CANNOT be rebuilt from what is recorded here: no canonical object is recorded and no registered commit is recorded. Each figure on the Analysis tab downloads as an SVG carrying exactly the values shown.

Other recorded qualifications

Statements this review records about the limits of what it establishes, which are not shown elsewhere on this page. They are reproduced from the object verbatim and are not summarised.

Table 29. Other recorded qualifications
What this does not establish	Not that dapivirine ring PrEP works or does not work in this population -- no risk-of-bias assessment is recorded and adherence, which dominates ring effectiveness, is not an outcome here. Not anything about oral or gel PrEP, which are excluded above. Not that the three excluded trials are poor: they answer different questions. Not reliability at k=2 -- see Hartung-Knapp.
A eligibility not enrollment for under 18s	Read this beside the estimate. This review is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both contributing registrations set a minimum eligibility age of 18 years -- NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, both female, both 18 to 45 years. The object does not hold enrolled-age distributions, so it cannot say whether any adolescent was actually enrolled. The estimate does not speak to people under 18 as an eligibility group, and GRADE indirectness is rated down for that reason.
B the countries are right even though the ages are not	Stated so the caution is not read wider than it is. The Ring Study ran in South Africa and Uganda; ASPIRE ran in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. By region this is directly the population of interest. The indirectness is about age alone.
C the effect does not survive the small sample adjustment and that cuts both ways	The unadjusted interval is RR 0.7030 (0.5660 to 0.8731) and excludes no difference. This project's Hartung-Knapp interval at k = 2 is 0.1725 to 2.8655 -- and not 0.4054 to 1.2191, which is metafor's RAW unfloored knha interval and was misattributed to this project in the first version of this note and includes it. The honest reading of that is narrow: at k = 2 the t critical value is 12.7062 and almost nothing survives the adjustment, so this is much weaker evidence against the result than the same disagreement would be at larger k. It is disclosed because a reader is entitled to both intervals, not because it overturns the estimate.
D no external check exists for this estimate	A screen of eight records found NO published synthesis pooling HIV seroconversion across these two trials -- the five flagged syntheses are about adherence, acceptability and pregnancy outcomes. This estimate is unreplicated so far as this project has looked.
E a registered safety co primary is not carried	Both registrations register adverse events as a second primary outcome. This review carries only the efficacy primary. That is a scope fact, not a defect in the estimate, and it is recorded so a reader does not read this page as a benefit-and-harm summary.
A neither trial enrolled an adolescent	Read this beside the estimate. This review is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both contributing trials set a minimum age of 18 years on their registrations -- NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, both female, both 18 to 45 years. No participant under 18 was eligible for either trial. The estimate does not speak to adolescent girls, and GRADE indirectness is rated down for it.
B the countries are right even though the ages are not corrected because	Corrected 2026-08-30 from ClinicalTrials.gov, read the same day: NCT01539226 is orgStudyId IPM 027, The Ring Study, n=1,959, and its registered locations are South Africa and Uganda; NCT01617096 is acronym ASPIRE, mtn-020, n=2,629, locations Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The previous wording attached each trial's facts to the other trial. ⛔ these two fields are prose with no NCT in the string, so neither this repo's NCT-keyed sweep nor the staging lane's gate could reach them -- both walk identifier keys. A name in free text has no key to walk. Found by rapidmeta-staging-33.
Scope	⚠️ ASPIRE only. The Ring Study's report is not held (PMID 27959766, no PMC id, europepmc by PMID 404), so none of these values is claimed for both trials.
The bases are not interchangeable per trial	⛔ the tiers are not symmetric and may not be mixed. The Ring Study holds ‘external review citing the adjudicated publication’; ASPIRE holds ‘trial report’. Asking both for the same second tier fails, correctly, because one of them does not have it. Pooling one trial's adjudicated counts with another's registry counts would be a mixed basis presented as one — the arithmetic would succeed and the result would not be the quantity its label claims. `ma studies envelope.assert_one_basis` now refuses that pool by name.
What decides it is evidence of effect modification inside the trials	This is not an extrapolation worry asserted from outside. ASPIRE reports, in its own words: "the efficacy of HIV-1 protection differed significantly according to age, with an efficacy of 61% (95% CI, 32 to 77; P<0.001) among women 25 years of age or older and 10% (95% CI, -41 to 43; P = 0.64) among those under the age of 25 years (P = 0.02 for interaction)." a significant treatment-by-age interaction within the studied range. The Ring Study runs the same direction (hazard ratio 0.63 above 21 vs 0.85 at 21 or younger; P=0.43 for interaction) and proposes a mechanism that is not purely behavioural: "physiologic differences in the genital tract of younger women, lower adherence to ring use". When a trial demonstrates that its own effect is modified by a population characteristic, transfer to unstudied values of that characteristic is not supported -- and age is not the only characteristic on which the studied population is narrow.
What would have to differ for this domain not to downgrade	Stated so the domain is falsifiable in both directions, because a domain that cannot be downgraded by any realistic evidence is not being assessed, and neither is one that cannot be cleared. Either (a) the review scopes its question to the population actually studied -- women aged 18-45 in high-incidence sub-Saharan African settings -- and says so in its title and question, not only in a rating note; OR (b) the treatment-by-age interaction is absent or shown to be an artefact of differential adherence that would not recur elsewhere. Neither holds today. (a) is an editorial act that changes what the review claims, and it must not be performed to move a letter.
This reverses a judgement made earlier the same day and that is the point	Hours earlier this domain was recorded NO_DOWNGRADE, on the reasoning that the trials ran "in the settings carrying the burden the intervention is for". That clause was challenged on review and does not survive: It is a reason the evidence is appropriate, not a reason it is direct. The two are different claims and only the second is what this domain asks. The earlier judgement raised our own certainty from very LOW to LOW; testing it lowered it back. A favourable judgement that survives only until it is examined was never a judgement.
The alternative reading and what it would cost	IF the question were agyw -- adolescent girls and young women, as the topic identifier still says -- this domain would downgrade one level and the certainty would be very LOW rather than LOW. Both trials set a minimum age of 18, so no girl under 18 contributed a single participant-year, and ASPIRE reported that protection was not demonstrated in its youngest enrolled stratum -- so the age gradient runs against assuming the result transfers downward. That is a real and material gap; it is simply a gap in a different question from the one this review asks.
Declared because this change improves our own rating	This judgement moves the certainty UP, from very LOW to LOW, and it replaces a downgrade recorded here earlier the same day. That direction is exactly why the reason is the executed search and not a preference: the rule -- the tested pico governs -- was fixed before the rating was recomputed, and both readings are published side by side above so a reader can apply the other one and get very LOW without asking us.
Burden relevance is a prioritisation argument	Handbook 14.2.2 domain (3) never mentions disease burden. That the trials ran where the burden is, is a reason they were the right trials to run -- it can reduce concern, and it does not erase geographic or health-system indirectness. My original NO_DOWNGRADE rested on exactly that conflation.
Why a topic specific threshold at all	The engine otherwise falls back to the Handbook rough guide of 0.75 to 1.25, which is a declared default and not a clinical judgement. A cross-family reviewer put the objection plainly: the confidence interval 0.566 to 0.873 does not cross no effect and does not cross harm -- it crosses only the 0.75 line, and that line "needs clinical or absolute-effect justification". It had none. A default standing in for a judgement is the most important line on the page being drawn by nobody.
Justification from absolute effect not from the ratio	The placebo arms of these trials ran at roughly 4 to 6 HIV-1 seroconversions per 100 person-years, and WHO defines "substantial risk" warranting pre-exposure prophylaxis as an incidence of 3 or more per 100 person-years. Taking a placebo incidence of about 4.5 per 100 person-years: RR 0.90 prevents about 0.45 infections per 100 woman-years, RR 0.80 about 0.9, RR 0.75 about 1.13. In a population at substantial risk, with a user-controlled option intended for women who cannot or will not use daily oral or injectable prophylaxis, a 10% relative reduction is the smallest effect that would still change what is offered. Below it the absolute benefit falls under half an infection per 100 woman-years and the adherence burden is not obviously worth carrying.
Declared before recomputation and this is checkable	⛔ a threshold chosen after seeing which letter it produces is a tuned threshold. This was written and committed before the engine was re-run. It is also known in advance that it will move the letter UP -- the whole interval 0.566 to 0.873 lies below 0.90, so imprecision will not downgrade -- and that direction is stated here rather than discovered afterwards, because a favourable threshold declared in advance is a judgement and the same threshold declared afterwards is a result.
Its warrant is consensus not simulation	Iceman was developed by expert consensus and usability-tested with 17 users. No simulation establishes its operating characteristics, because it is not that kind of instrument. Stated rather than dressed up.
What this does to the indirectness domain	The indirectness downgrade is justified partly on this interaction being measured rather than anticipated. At LOW-to-MODERATE credibility that support is weaker than the prose claimed. ⭐ the downgrade itself does not fall: the plain restriction argument stands on its own -- the question asks about women, the trials enrolled women aged 18 to 45 in four sub-Saharan African countries -- and Handbook 14.2.2 reaches indirectness with no modifier at all. What weakens is the strength of the supporting argument, and that is recorded rather than left implied.
It is the same evidence and that is checked not assumed	4,588 = 1,959 + 2,629 exactly -- The Ring Study plus ASPIRE. Same two trials, same participants, same outcome, same I2 of 0%. There is no evidence difference to explain the disagreement.
⛔ what is not being done about it	The rating is not being changed to match the comparator. Tuning a letter to land beside a published one is the same defect as tuning a threshold to produce a letter, and it would be worse here because the comparator is the thing this review is measured against. The divergence is recorded, its three components are separated, and the one that is genuinely disputed is named as disputed.
What would settle the disputed level	A ruling on whether an uninformative small-k adjusted interval is evidence FOR imprecision or merely absence of evidence about it. The engine takes the first view and this object's other two artefacts take the second. It is worth one whole level and it is currently decided by which artefact a reader happens to read.
The assumption this makes	That the risk ratio is approximately constant across 12 to 24 months of continuous ring use. This is ordinary in meta-analysis and it is defensible here -- both trials report cumulative seroconversion over their full follow-up, and the intervention is used continuously throughout -- but it is an assumption and it was previously unstated, which is the defect this field corrects. A reader who rejects it should read the two trial-specific estimates rather than the pool.
What this does not say	It does not say the pooled estimate is wrong. Constancy of the ratio is not testable at k = 2 and no test of it is offered here. The correction is that the horizon and the assumption are now visible, not that either has changed.
Why a typed token and not the formula	The scale was already derivable from `how`, and it was not recorded. A consumer had to parse a prose formula to learn what the number is a ratio OF, and a topic phrasing `how` differently would be undecidable. Parsing prose for a property is the open-vocabulary hazard this project met three times in one day with hand-listed key sets.
What is not established	The concealment mechanism is not on the registry and no publication was read. LOW is scored on the recorded allocation, not on a mechanism nobody here has seen.
Why this is not an adjudicated dispute	A blind second assessor from a different model family disagreed with this domain on 89% of judgements across 22 topics. That would ordinarily be a dispute to adjudicate. It is not one: the tool's own text names this exact evidential situation -- a bare statement that a study was randomised -- and prescribes the answer. The second assessor is not being deferred to; the guidance is being applied.
What the registry gives and does not	A ClinicalTrials.gov design module records `allocation: Randomized`. It carries no sequence-generation method and no allocation-concealment mechanism. The original judgement's own note said so before scoring LOW.
How this maps to the tool s algorithm	The tool maps 'No information' on 1.1 and 1.2 with no baseline concern to a domain judgement of some concerns. This project writes no information on the domain when it could not be judged from the sources read, and caps the overall at some concerns. Same place, and it keeps 'we could not judge this' distinguishable from 'we judged it and had concerns'.
What does not change	No overall rating and no GRADE CERTAINTY moves. All 51 judgements were already capped at some concerns or HIGH by another no information domain.
This does not replace the stored judgement	This is the judgement the published algorithm proposes from the signalling responses named here. It does not replace the stored `judgement` beside it, and nothing reads it yet. The tool itself says its algorithms "provide proposed judgements, but users should verify these and change them if they feel this is appropriate" -- so this is an input to a person, not an output to a reader.
And it bounds a finding of ours	Class 94 records assessor 2 saying no information on the randomisation process/deviations from the intended intervention/missing outcome data `100 of 100`. Measured across all 23 topics now stored that is 239 of 243, and all four exceptions are the randomisation process=some concerns on `agyw-hiv-prep-review` and `cab-prep-hiv-review` -- two of the three topics asked under the earlier prompt build, the one whose reply ids are bare NCTs. Under that build it is 4 of 6; under the later build 0 of 75. The 100% was measured on the later build's topics. The two-defaults mechanism stands; its universality does not, and what varies with it is the prompt.
The rate is still conditional on the same allow list	Both numbers are conditional on the fact list in THE_ALLOW_LIST_THE_RATE_IS_CONDITIONAL_ON above. Neither is a rate of agreement between assessors in general.
A claim about a registry is a claim about a version	Posted results are edited -- sponsors correct counts, add outcomes and answer QC review. These stamps say which version produced the figures beside them.
What this changes and what it does not	It does not change the risk-of-bias verdict, and an earlier version of this note said something false about why. It claimed the domain 'still refuses'. It does not: both assessors agree on some concerns at the overall level, so the domain already resolved to a one-level downgrade and the no information lift path is never invoked here. The no information sits at the SIGNALLING-QUESTION level -- the randomisation process.2, deviations from the intended intervention and missing outcome data -- underneath a verdict the assessors were nonetheless able to reach. What it does change is what the object knows: three questions that were no information for ASPIRE are now answered from a free document, with verbatim quotes. The Ring Study's three remain unanswered. So the verdict is unchanged and its foundation is better evidenced for one of the two contributing trials.
Completed from trial reports	28 signalling-question answers, 14 per trial, read from the two primaries. Both are free: ASPIRE at PMC4993693, The Ring Study from the publisher. Every substantive answer carries a quote cut from the paper by code rather than typed, and every NOT-APPLICABLE says which earlier answer routed it.
Who prequalification checked and cannot answer this	The ring is WHO prequalified (extranet.who.int/prequal/medicines/ema-art-58-h-w-002168, Status Prequalified, INN 'Dapivirine Vaginal ring 25mg'). The Basis of listing is alternative listing via EMA Article 58, so WHO made no independent assessment, no whopar is attached, and the page's whopar reference block returns HTTP 403. WHO pq settles a registration question and not a risk-of-bias one. Recorded because a source that was checked and does not answer is a finding; leaving it out would make the next reader check it again.
What is still refused	1.3 on both trials (neither paper states in prose whether baseline characteristics were balanced -- both print a table, and this instrument reads sentences) and 1.2 on The Ring Study (randomisation and stratification are described; no concealment mechanism is). These keep the randomisation process at some concerns on both trials rather than LOW.
Analysis population not stated corrected because	Corrected 2026-08-30 from ClinicalTrials.gov, read the same day: NCT01539226 is orgStudyId IPM 027, The Ring Study, n=1,959, and its registered locations are South Africa and Uganda; NCT01617096 is acronym ASPIRE, mtn-020, n=2,629, locations Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The previous wording attached each trial's facts to the other trial. ⛔ these two fields are prose with no NCT in the string, so neither this repo's NCT-keyed sweep nor the staging lane's gate could reach them -- both walk identifier keys. A name in free text has no key to walk. Found by rapidmeta-staging-33.
What the disagreement turned out to be	Two assessors disagreed on the randomisation process for NCT01539226 -- no information against some concerns -- and it was never a difference of judgement. Both had read only the registration, and a registration cannot answer whether an allocation sequence was random. The Ring Study's own paper answers it in one sentence: "In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned participants in a 2:1 ratio". So 1.1 is YES, 1.2 stays no information because that paper describes no concealment mechanism, 1.3 is probably no from the registry baseline table, and the randomisation process resolves to some concerns on the evidence rather than on a third opinion.
What must not happen	⛔ no surface may render both. One object carrying two GRADE certainties for one result is a worse defect than either being wrong, because a reader cannot tell which is the review’s answer. The engine’s derivation is the review’s answer.
And this is the bespoke section problem in one object	A hand-written GRADE block is exactly the "14th bespoke section" this project ruled against building. It cannot regenerate, so it went stale in two independent ways within a day -- a population ruling and a threshold choice -- while the generator tracked both. That is the argument for the generator, stated on the artefact that demonstrates it rather than in a design note.
The finding of this comparison	No published synthesis pooling the efficacy of these two trials was found. Eight records matched, eight were read, five were flagged by title as syntheses, and every one of the five is about something else: ring adherence (PMID 42149895, PMID 40709072), ring acceptability (PMID 34644609), and pregnancy and neonatal outcomes under PrEP (PMID 38685925, PMID 35187529). None pools HIV seroconversion across ASPIRE and the ring study. Absence here is absence from this screen of eight records, not from the literature. It does not license calling this pool novel. One query on one database was run and no included-study table was opened anywhere. What it licenses is the narrow statement that this screen found no comparator, so this topic has no external check on its estimate and the reader should treat it as unreplicated here. Class 82 compares our trial count with a published one. With no published count there is nothing to compare, so this topic joins the nine of eighteen whose appraised comparison states no trial count -- not the four where ours is lower. It is neither evidence for nor against the breadth deficit.
Screen stored no identities	The screen recorded counts and not one identifier, so it cannot be audited. appraisal/the screen of published syntheses.json records matched 8 / retrieved 8 / read 8 / flagged by title 5 / appraised [] and stores no PMID. Re-running its query verbatim on 2026-08-29 returns 12 records, including both reviews this page names -- the Cochrane review 33719075 and Musekiwa 32306503. Whether the original 8 contained them cannot be established either way, because no identity was kept. The query was not at fault: constrained to each of those UIDs it returns them. A count without its population is a reach figure, and this one is unauditable rather than wrong.
Scope rule	Free sources only. No subscription database is used in the method, because a search the reader cannot reproduce is not verifiable by the reader it is for. Embase is used once, separately, as a calibration ruler and never as a source.
Still not claimed	That no eligible trial exists. 52 records pass the screen, carry no registration id and were not read in full; 107 have no abstract indexed and are recorded undecidable; the six Emtree chemical-name forms remain unreachable by any query used here; and 2 of the 18 WHO ictrp primary registries returned a determinate answer. Recall is measured against what was retrieved, which is not the world.
The renderer is general and this script is not	projectors evidence.registry_screen_card draws `screen per record` for any topic. This script's rules name a drug and a formulation because eligibility is a per-topic judgement -- that is the judgement register's ELIGIBILITY_RULE slot, and it is per topic by nature.
Why this is worth more than a breadth claim	It is unflattering to two of our own free sources. A completeness record that only ever vindicated our choices would be a tautology; this one says the literature databases did not find the trials.
Why the regulatory route does not close it	The FDA Integrated Review route that completes RoB 2 domains D1-D4 elsewhere in this corpus does not apply here: No FDA application exists for dapivirine, which is a fact about the drug rather than a retrieval failure -- the ring was never FDA-approved and holds an EMA Article 58 positive scientific opinion and WHO prequalification instead. The EMA site presents a bot-detection challenge, which was not bypassed. WHO prequalification documents have not yet been located and no claim is made about them either way.
Must not be read as	⚠️ the search being complete does not make this complete. They are separate claims about separate things and this review asserts only the first.
Verification basis superseded	All five seeded registrations read on 2026-08-18; two pooled, three excluded on the grounds stated.
And the search carried no population block	Deliberately: the concept block is the drug and its development codes alone, and the whole retrieved set was screened. So the search cannot be read as having quietly restricted the population to adults -- it restricted nothing, and the age range of the evidence is a property of the trials that exist, not of the query.
What is now wrong and must be corrected	The topic identifier `agyw-hiv-prep-review`. It names a population this review does not ask about and the evidence does not cover. It is a legacy slug and it is the artefact that disagrees.
Why the rename is not done in this commit	The slug is the directory name, the PAGE_MAP key and the delivered page filename, and the page lane is rebuilding this exact page right now. Renaming underneath a live rebuild would break the join between object and page -- the precise failure this review spent the day repairing. It is sequenced after the rebuild and the page lane is told. Recorded as owed, not as done.
Two earlier bases and why both were wrong	⛔ I cited the executed search first, "because it is the only one tested against the world", then corrected it to the eligibility actually applied. Two non-Claude families independently rejected both: the review question and eligibility criteria define the pico, and the search is the method for finding studies under it. And my own words defeat the first version -- I wrote that this search "restricted nothing". A search that restricts nothing cannot define anything; it measures reach, not scope. The conclusion never depended on either basis, which is why it survived both corrections unchanged.
The self correction is not a substitute	The error was caught and reversed within minutes, and that is to the assessor’s credit and is not the control. A hazard caught by luck or conscience on one occasion is uncontrolled; separation is what makes it structurally unavailable.
Controls are not in the denominator	The two probes are discarded after scoring. They are not in `ledger` and not in `records screened`. A control that enters the counted population has stopped being a control.
The instrument and its unmeasured error	⚠️ the screen is a set of regular expressions and its error rate is not measured. Three signals decide almost every row: a dapivirine/development-code signal, a randomisation-or-phase-2b/3 signal, and a vaginal-ring signal. A hand-scored sample against a pre-fixed seed would give the instrument an error rate and would say whether that error is flat across record types or concentrated in one -- non-differential error attenuates, differential error can manufacture. Neither has been done. Until it is, this is a reproducible screen with an unmeasured instrument, which is more than an undocumented judgement and less than a validated one.
And the stored 2x2s were checked against it	The object stores 82/1302 dapivirine and 61/650 placebo for NCT01539226. The posted denominators are OG000 (Dapivirine Vaginal Ring) = 1302 and OG001 (Placebo Vaginal Ring) = 650, with values 82 and 61. The stored 2x2 is correct and is now checked rather than assumed. Same for NCT01617096: 71/1313 dapivirine, 97/1313 placebo.
What is not done	No stored domain judgement is changed. No overall risk-of-bias rating is changed. No GRADE certainty is changed.
And the GRADE step that depends on it	The risk-of-bias downgrade's stated reason is "deviations from the intended intervention and missing outcome data are no information and on a PrEP trial those are the adherence and attrition domains -- the ones that decide whether an intention-to-treat ring effect reflects the drug or its use". If missing outcome data becomes LOW that reason is half retired, and the downgrade would need re-deriving rather than merely re-labelling. Not done here, for the same reason.
What this does not touch	the randomisation process on NCT01539226, which stands at some concerns on signalling question 1.2 -- the allocation-concealment mechanism, which neither registration, neither set of posted results and neither published paper reports. That remains the one open question, and it is unaffected by anything here.
What this does not add	⚠️ this is not a full harms review. It reports the two summary categories the registry posts -- serious adverse events and deaths -- per arm. It does not extract the MedDRA system-organ-class tables, does not address the genital-and-urinary events that are the relevant harms for a vaginal ring, and does not search for harms outside these two registrations. Outcome scope is wider than it was and is still narrower than a Cochrane review's.
Why the registry and not the papers	Both papers are free to read and both report adverse events in prose and tables. The registry is used because it gives the counts in a fixed schema with a per-arm denominator, so the extraction is checkable field by field and the arm mapping is explicit. The papers are the cross-check, not the source.
The comparator an HTA decision actually faces	oral tenofovir/emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis, or long-acting injectable cabotegravir, both of which are available and both of which are what a funder would be choosing between.
Estimand caveat	⚠️ The relative risk pools cumulative incidence over different follow-up: 24 months registered for NCT01539226 and 12 to 14 months for NCT01617096. Applying it to an annualised incidence assumes the ratio is constant over time. That assumption is not tested here and the table is an approximation resting on it.
⛔ where this does not apply	Girls under 18. Neither trial enrolled one, so there is no direct evidence in adolescents. And within the ages that were studied, the larger trial found the effect concentrated in women 25 and over -- 61% against 10% under 25, p = 0.02 for the interaction. A woman of 19 should not be quoted the overall figure as though it were measured in her.
What this does not compare	The ring against daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Both trials compared it against a dummy ring. If your patient could take oral prophylaxis, this review does not tell you which is better.
The boundary is IN the summary not appended	The three things this review cannot tell you are in the body of the plain-language text, not in a limitations paragraph underneath it. A reader who stops early should still have left with the boundary.
The allowance list IS the weak point	This check can only be as strong as `extra allowed`. Every declared allowance is printed with its source in `declared allowances` so a reader can see exactly how wide the escape hatch was opened. A check with an undeclared escape hatch is theatre.
What it does not check	That the prose around a number is true. A rendering could carry the right relative risk beside the wrong verb. This check catches drift between renderings, which is the failure Cochrane's hand-written plain-language summaries actually have; it does not check meaning.
⚠️ what the negative test does not prove	The check flags a number that matches NO stored fact. It cannot flag a number that matches the wrong stored fact -- a rendering printing the lower confidence bound where the point estimate belongs would pass, because 0.566 is a real value in the table. That is a genuine hole and it is stated rather than left for a reader to find.
Why the consistency check did not and could not flag it	⭐ the sentence contains no number. The check extracts numerals and traces them to stored facts; a false quantity expressed as the word "half" is invisible to it, and so is any wrong verb, wrong direction or wrong population attached to a number that is itself correct. This is the hole the check declares in `what_it_does_NOT_check`, found in the first artefact the check was run on.
What this does not fix	⚠️ Four renderings written by one author remain one author's reading. They cannot disagree on a number and they can all be wrong about the same thing -- and one of them was, in words rather than digits, on the first pass. Nothing here substitutes for a second reader, and the plain-language text in particular has not been read by anyone in the population it addresses.
Of which load bearing on the certainty letter	2 of 7 -- J4 (indirectness) and the imprecision rule noted under J6. J6's declared threshold value is not.
Of which currently undeclared in the object	1 of 7 -- J2, the eligibility rule beyond phase and randomisation, which is enacted as three case verdicts rather than stated as a rule. Owed.
What this register does not do	⚠️ It does not make the judgements right. Every entry is one person's call, and J4 was reversed once within eight minutes on this very topic. It also does not prove the list is complete -- it is bounded by what its author noticed, which is the same limitation as any enumeration, and the honest form of the claim is "seven found" rather than "seven exist".

Judgement register — what a harness cannot derive

Judgements a harness cannot derive, per outcome, with the alternative and its consequence. DERIVED AT BUILD TIME by ssot/topic_judgements.py — this table is not written for this topic and the same code produces it for every topic.

⛔ No entry is resolved by inferring from the included trials. Deriving a review's question from the populations that were enrolled returns DIRECT by construction. Where the store does not declare a judgement this table says UNDECLARED and stops.

Outcome primary — 5 of 8 declared, 2 of 8 undeclared

Table 30. Outcome primary — 5 of 8 declared, 2 of 8 undeclared
Judgement	State	Decided	Decided by	Alternative	If the alternative had been taken
`QUESTION_PICO`	DECLARED	population = 'women'; intervention = 'dapivirine vaginal ring'; comparator = 'placebo vaginal ring'; outcome = 'HIV-1 seroconversion'	A HUMAN. `source` records what it was read from: 'The title and the stated question, which are the review question. Declared axis by axis so the indirectness comparison is possible at all -- prose cannot be compared axis by axis, and this object refused for exactly that reason.'	Declare the question as the studied band rather than the asked one.	The indirectness comparison would change, and it would change in the direction that flatters the review. NOT COMPUTED here: rescoping a question is an editorial act about what the review CLAIMS and must not be simulated to see which letter it buys.
`ELIGIBILITY_RULE`	DECLARED	A rule is recorded that names criteria on BOTH the comparator and the outcome.	A HUMAN. The concept block finds the drug; this is the part it cannot express.	Widen or narrow the comparator or outcome criterion.	k would change, and which trials contribute with it. NOT COMPUTED: re-screening is not a store operation.
`COUNT_TIER`	NOT_APPLICABLE	ONE COUNT BASIS: registry	Recorded per trial.	The other tier, where the trial has one.	NOT COMPUTED -- the store holds only one basis, so the alternative cannot be evaluated without going back to the sources.
`INDIRECTNESS`	DECLARED	DOWNGRADE, 1 level(s)	⚠️ A STORED HAND-WRITTEN JUDGEMENT that the engine READS rather than derives. Explicit stored judgement. grade_engine refuses this domain by design and will not infer it.	The opposite rating.	The certainty letter moves by one level. NOT COMPUTED here because flipping a stored judgement to see the letter it buys is the gaming move the store's own guard forbids.
`ESTIMAND`	UNDECLARED	⚠️ CONTRIBUTING TRIALS REPORT 2 DIFFERENT PRIMARY TIME FRAMES: 24 months \| minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 14 months per participant. The pool combines them on one scale.	A HUMAN, and often as a SIDE EFFECT of the count tier rather than as its own decision -- a registry reports participants and so forces a risk ratio; a publication reports person-years and so forces a rate ratio. Choosing the document chose the measure.	Pool on person-time instead, which is estimand-consistent under unequal follow-up.	NOT COMPUTED -- person-time denominators are not in this store. Where a topic holds them the alternative is one line.
`IMPRECISION_THRESHOLD`	DECLARED	Appreciable effect declared at 0.9 to 1.1111111111111112.	A HUMAN. Declared for this topic from the clinical question, BEFORE the letter was recomputed.	The Handbook rough guide, 0.75 to 1.25, which is a DECLARED DEFAULT and not a clinical judgement.	COMPUTED from the stored interval: it crosses no effect = False; it crosses the declared zone = False. ⭐ THE VALUE IS USUALLY NOT WHAT MOVES THE LETTER -- the RULE is. An imprecision domain judged on 'excludes no effect' and one judged on 'spans an appreciable zone' give different answers on the same interval, and that choice is rarely written down anywhere.
`HARMS_POOLING`	DECLARED	Harms held at `harms_2026_08_30`; pooled = False	A HUMAN, on statistics a harness CAN compute. What is not derivable is the inference that a large control-arm difference between trials in the same population indicates ASCERTAINMENT rather than RISK.	Pool anyway with random effects.	A pooled harms estimate over incommensurable ascertainment reads as reassurance and is manufactured by the averaging.
`INDEX_ENTRY`	UNDECLARED	The object does not carry the sentence the portfolio index shows.	⚠️ A HUMAN, IN THE INDEX GENERATOR, WITH NO LINK BACK. project_index_cards.py projects the numbers and states that the prose is authored, so the tile's name for this review lives only in the index and nothing reconciles the two.	Store the tile sentence on the object and project it.	⛔ Until then a re-pointed object updates its NUMBER on the index and keeps its old NAME. Measured 2026-08-30: 1 of 44 mapped index entries names trials the object has never heard of, and the number beside it was correct. See scripts/audit_index_identity_drift.py.

A topic costs 5 declared judgements on this outcome, not four hundred. That is a stronger claim than "automated", because a reader can check a declared judgement and cannot check an inferred one.

⚠️ It does not make the judgements right, and it does not prove the SLOT LIST is complete -- the list is bounded by what its author enumerated. The honest form is "8 slots checked", never "8 judgements exist".

The judgement register — what a harness cannot derive

Every judgement this topic required that a harness cannot derive, declared, with what was decided, who decided it, the alternative, and what would change if the alternative had been taken.

NO ENTRY IS RESOLVED BY INFERRING FROM THE INCLUDED TRIALS. Deriving the question from the enrolled populations returns DIRECT by construction -- a tautology dressed as a rating -- and `grade_engine.d_indirectness` names that as a gaming risk in its own source.

"It is automated" is a claim a reader cannot check. "It cost seven declared judgements, each with its alternative and the consequence of that alternative" is a claim a reader CAN check, one entry at a time, against free sources. Cochrane makes every one of these calls and reports them as prose, where the alternative is not stated and the consequence is not computed.

The judgements, each with its alternative and what that would change

Table 31. The judgements, each with its alternative and what that would change
Judgement	Decided	Decided by	Alternative	If the alternative had been taken
`J1` The review question, declared axis by axis (question_pico).	population = "women"; intervention = "dapivirine vaginal ring"; comparator = "placebo vaginal ring"; outcome = "HIV-1 seroconversion". Unqualified by age, region or baseline risk.	A HUMAN, from the review's title and stated question. `question_pico.source` records exactly that.	Declare the question as the studied band -- "women aged 18-45 at substantial risk in sub-Saharan Africa" -- which is what the trials actually answer.	The indirectness downgrade would fall away and the certainty would rise VERY LOW to LOW. ⚠️ AND THE OBJECT ALREADY FORBIDS TAKING IT FOR THAT REASON: `grade.indirectness.what_would_have_to_differ_BOTH_ARMS.⛔_the_guard_on_arm_(a)` states that narrowing the question to escape a downgrade is the same defect as deleting the downgrade, and that rescoping is legitimate only as an editorial decision about what the review CLAIMS, taken independently of the letter it produces, and only if it changes the title and the question a reader meets.
`J2` The eligibility rule -- specifically the part that goes beyond the concept block.	Included: randomised, phase 3, dapivirine VAGINAL RING (not gel, not film), against a PLACEBO ring, with HIV-1 seroconversion as the primary. That took 63 registry candidates to 2.	⚠️ PART CODE, PART HUMAN, AND THE OBJECT SAYS SO: "The screen tests phase and randomisation; it does NOT test the comparator or the outcome." Comparator and outcome were applied as THREE CASE-BY-CASE VERDICTS in `adjudication_of_non_included_that_passed_screen` -- NCT03965923, NCT04140266, NCT06250504, each marked ELIGIBILITY. So the rule is ENACTED AS VERDICTS RATHER THAN DECLARED AS A RULE, and a harness cannot regenerate it from what is written.	Admit active-comparator trials -- ring against oral tenofovir/emtricitabine -- which is the comparison a funder and a guideline panel actually face.	k would rise from 2, and the three named registrations would enter: NCT03965923, NCT04140266, NCT03593655. ⚠️ BUT NOT AS EFFICACY EVIDENCE -- every one of them has a primary of safety, adherence or uptake, NOT HIV incidence. So the pooled efficacy estimate would not change at all; what would change is that the review would carry an adherence and safety comparison against oral prophylaxis that it currently does not. The head-to-head EFFICACY trial does not exist to be included.
`J3` The count tier -- which document supplies the numerator.	ClinicalTrials.gov POSTED RESULTS: 82/1302 and 61/650 for NCT01539226; 71/1313 and 97/1313 for NCT01617096. Events over PARTICIPANTS, giving a risk ratio.	⚠️ A HUMAN, AND THE PAGE NAMED NEITHER BASIS AS A CHOICE UNTIL THIS REGISTER. The object records the provenance of the numbers it used and never recorded that a second defensible basis existed.	The trials' own primary publications: Nel 2016 (PMID 27959766) reports 77 seroconversions in 1888 person-years against 56 in 917; Baeten 2016 (PMID 26900902, PMC4993693) reports 71 against 97, incidence 3.3 and 4.5 per 100 person-years. Events over PERSON-YEARS, giving a rate ratio.	NCT01539226: registry 82 and 61, publication 77 and 56 -- FIVE MORE EVENTS IN EACH ARM in the registry. NCT01617096: registry 71 and 97, publication 71 and 97 -- IDENTICAL. The tiers are not two views of one number; on one of these two trials they are two different numbers. 0.7030 (0.5660 to 0.8731) 0.7037 (0.5598 to 0.8845) ⭐ THE POINT ESTIMATE MOVES BY 0.0007 AND THE CONCLUSION DOES NOT CHANGE. The interval is slightly wider on the publication tier. THIS IS A FACT ABOUT THIS TOPIC AND NOT A GENERAL PROPERTY -- the counts genuinely differ on one trial, and they happen to differ in the same direction in both arms, which is why the ratio survives. On a topic where they differed in one arm only, the tier would decide the answer. The tier chooses the ESTIMAND as a side effect. The registry reports events over participants, so it forces a risk ratio; the publications report events over person-years, so they force a rate ratio. Choosing the document chose the measure, and that was never a separate decision anyone took. Serious adverse events on NCT01539226: registry 41 of 1306 and 9 of 652; the publication reports 38 (2.9%) and 6 (0.9%). The harms tier disagrees on the same trial and in the same direction.
`J4` The indirectness rating.	DOWNGRADE one level, for indirectness of POPULATION.	⚠️ A HUMAN, STORED AS TEXT, AND THE ENGINE READS IT RATHER THAN DERIVING IT. `grade.indirectness.judged_by` says so in terms: "Explicit stored judgement. grade_engine refuses this domain by design and will not infer it." Verified by execution: changing `question_pico.population` and the review's `question` string and re-deriving returned the SAME rating with a BYTE-IDENTICAL reason string, because `d_indirectness` returns the stored block before it ever reaches the derivation branch.	NO_DOWNGRADE, on the reasoning that the trials ran in the settings carrying the burden the intervention is for.	Certainty would be LOW rather than VERY LOW. ⭐ AND THIS ALTERNATIVE WAS ACTUALLY TAKEN, FOR EIGHT MINUTES, AND REVERSED: the object stores the earlier NO_DOWNGRADE at 15:05:54 and the reversal at 15:13:50, with the reason -- burden-relevance is an argument that these were the RIGHT TRIALS TO RUN, which is a prioritisation claim and not a directness claim. Handbook 14.2.2 domain (3) never mentions burden. THE REVERSAL LOWERED OUR OWN CERTAINTY.
`J5` The estimand -- what the pooled number is a ratio OF, and whether the two trials measure the same thing.	A RISK RATIO of cumulative incidence over participants, pooled across trials whose registered primary time frames differ: 24 months for NCT01539226 against 12 to 14 months per participant for NCT01617096.	A HUMAN, and largely as a CONSEQUENCE OF J3 rather than as its own decision -- the registry reports participants, so the registry tier forces a risk ratio.	Pool RATE ratios over person-years, which is what both publications report and which is estimand-consistent across unequal follow-up.	0.7037 (0.5598 to 0.8845) against the stored 0.7030 (0.5660 to 0.8731). The point moves by 0.0007. The estimand mismatch is REAL IN PRINCIPLE AND IMMATERIAL IN FACT ON THIS TOPIC, and saying so with the number beside it is worth more than either ignoring it or flagging it as a limitation nobody quantified.
`J6` The imprecision threshold -- what counts as an appreciable effect.	RR 0.90, declared for this topic BEFORE the letter was recomputed, and justified from ABSOLUTE effect rather than from the ratio: at a placebo incidence of about 4.5 per 100 woman-years, RR 0.90 prevents about 0.45 infections per 100 woman-years.	A HUMAN, and the declaration timestamp is stored.	The Handbook default 0.75 to 1.25.	⭐ NOTHING CHANGES. Re-deriving the engine with the threshold set to 0.75-1.25 returns VERY_LOW, down 3, with imprecision still downgraded -- identical to the stored rating. The object's own sensitivity block agrees: under the Handbook default the letter is VERY_LOW, `changes_the_letter: false`. THIS JUDGEMENT IS NOT LOAD-BEARING ON THIS TOPIC and it was worth executing to find that out.
`J7` Whether to pool the harms.	NOT POOLED. Both 2x2s published, both relative risks published, the pool declined.	A HUMAN, on evidence a harness CAN compute: the placebo-arm serious-adverse-event rates differ 7.2-fold (1.38% against 9.88%), the relative risks point in opposite directions, Q = 5.8868 on 1 df, p = 0.0153.	Pool with a random-effects model and report the heterogeneity, which is what most reviews do.	A fixed-effect pool gives 0.9818 -- a serious-adverse-event relative risk of almost exactly one, which reads as reassurance and is manufactured entirely by averaging 2.27 against 0.89 across incommensurable ascertainment. That number would be the single most misleading figure on the page.

The count

Table 32. The count
Measure	Value
per topic judgements	7
of which load bearing on the certainty letter	2 of 7 -- J4 (indirectness) and the imprecision RULE noted under J6. J6's declared threshold VALUE is not.
of which computed counterfactuals	3 of 7 -- J3, J5, J6
of which returned NO CHANGE	2 of 3 computed. J3 moves the point estimate by 0.0007 and J6 does not move the letter at all. Recorded because a counterfactual that sounds consequential and is not is exactly what this register exists to catch.
of which currently UNDECLARED in the object	1 of 7 -- J2, the eligibility rule beyond phase and randomisation, which is enacted as three case verdicts rather than stated as a rule. Owed.

Standing rules — paid once for the corpus, not once per topic

Declared once and applied to every topic. They are judgements too, but they are paid ONCE for the corpus rather than once per review, so counting them per topic would overstate the cost of a topic.

Table 33. Standing rules — paid once for the corpus, not once per topic
Rule	Scope
free sources only; a subscription database is never a dependency	scope rule, all topics
key every value from the NCT, never from a label	identity rule, all topics
key every arm from the group TITLE, never from the group index	added 2026-08-30 after the NCT01539226 inversion
publish every screening decision, not only the near misses	added 2026-08-30
derive and do NOT apply, where a change would improve our own rating	governance rule, all topics
report numerator and denominator on every count, and say what the denominator is OF	all topics

A topic costs 7 declared judgements, of which 2 move the certainty letter, plus 6 standing rules paid once for the whole corpus. Everything else on this page -- the search, the 1,443-record screen, the extraction, the arm mapping, the pool, the absolute effects, the four renderings and every consistency check -- is code and regenerates. THE CLAIM IS NOT THAT JUDGEMENT WAS ELIMINATED. It is that judgement was CORNERED into 7 places a reader can find and argue with.

⚠️ It does not make the judgements right. Every entry is one person's call, and J4 was reversed once within eight minutes on this very topic. It also does not prove the list is COMPLETE -- it is bounded by what its author noticed, which is the same limitation as any enumeration, and the honest form of the claim is "seven found" rather than "seven exist".

Four readers, one store — and the check that they agree

The same evidence rendered for four readers -- an HTA body, a guideline panel, a clinician and the public -- from ONE fact table, with a check that no rendering can carry a number the others cannot see.

Anyone can write four documents. The claim here is that they CANNOT DISAGREE, and that claim is testable: `consistency_check` walks every string in all four renderings, extracts every number in the prose, and refuses any that is not traceable to a named field in `shared_facts` or to a printed allowance. Cochrane's plain-language summary is prose written a second time by hand beside its summary-of-findings table; there is no mechanism that could catch drift between them, and drift is documented. Here the check runs at build.

The check

64 numbers checked across 4 renderings; 0 untraceable. PASSES

That the PROSE around a number is true. A rendering could carry the right relative risk beside the wrong verb. This check catches DRIFT between renderings, which is the failure Cochrane's hand-written plain-language summaries actually have; it does not check meaning.

It fired on its first run: The `95` in "95% confidence interval" in the HTA rendering. It was the only untraceable number in 64 checked across all four renderings, and it was untraceable because the fact table did not carry the confidence LEVEL -- only the bounds. `ci_level` was added to `shared_facts`, reading `results.by_outcome.primary.pooled.ci_level`. It was NOT added to the allowance list, which would have silenced the check by widening its escape hatch instead of answering it. The distinction is the whole difference between a guard and a formality.

And it is shown able to fail: A synthetic copy of the clinician rendering with the relative risk drifted to 0.62 and the reduction to 38% -- the shape of error a hand-written second summary actually makes. Caught: 0.62, 38. The check flags a number that matches NO stored fact. It cannot flag a number that matches the WRONG stored fact -- a rendering printing the lower confidence bound where the point estimate belongs would pass, because 0.566 is a real value in the table. That is a genuine hole and it is stated rather than left for a reader to find.

An error the check could not catch, and a reading did — The plain-language summary read "Half were given the real ring. Half were given a ring with no drug in it." NCT01617096 randomised 1:1, but NCT01539226 randomised 2:1 -- 1307 to the ring and 652 to placebo. Across both trials 2620 women received the ring and 1968 received placebo. "Half and half" is wrong, and it is wrong in the rendering aimed at the reader least able to check it. ⭐ THE SENTENCE CONTAINS NO NUMBER. The check extracts numerals and traces them to stored facts; a false quantity expressed as the WORD "half" is invisible to it, and so is any wrong verb, wrong direction or wrong population attached to a number that is itself correct. This is the hole the check declares in `what_it_does_NOT_check`, found in the first artefact the check was run on.

The one fact table all four are drawn from

Table 34. The one fact table all four are drawn from
Fact	Value	Field it was read from
`rr_point`	0.703	`results.by_outcome.primary.pooled.point`
`rr_lo`	0.566	`results.by_outcome.primary.pooled.ci_low`
`rr_hi`	0.8731	`results.by_outcome.primary.pooled.ci_high`
`hk_lo`	0.1725	`results.by_outcome.primary.pooled_hartung_knapp.ci_low`
`hk_hi`	2.8653	`results.by_outcome.primary.pooled_hartung_knapp.ci_high`
`ci_level`	95	`results.by_outcome.primary.pooled.ci_level`
`k`	2	`results.by_outcome.primary.k`
`i2`	0.0	`results.by_outcome.primary.heterogeneity.i2_percent`
`tau2`	0.0	`results.by_outcome.primary.heterogeneity.tau2`
`randomised`	4588	`registry_extraction_2026_08_30.participant_flow.*.randomised (summed)`
`analysed`	4578	`registry_extraction_2026_08_30.participant_flow.*.primary_outcome_analysed (summed)`
`threshold`	0.9	`results.by_outcome.primary.decision_threshold.lo`
`min_age`	18	`grade.by_outcome.primary.steps[indirectness] -- both registrations, eligibility module`
`max_age`	45	`results.by_outcome.primary.trial_pico.population`

Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses

Table 35. Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses
Baseline per 100 woman-years	With the ring	Infections prevented	Number needed for one year
2	1.41	0.59 (0.25 to 0.87)	168 (115 to 394)
3	2.11	0.89 (0.38 to 1.3)	112 (77 to 263)
4	2.81	1.19 (0.51 to 1.74)	84 (58 to 197)
4.5	3.16	1.34 (0.57 to 1.95)	75 (51 to 175)
5	3.51	1.49 (0.63 to 2.17)	67 (46 to 158)
6	4.22	1.78 (0.76 to 2.6)	56 (38 to 131)
8	5.62	2.38 (1.02 to 3.47)	42 (29 to 99)

For a health-technology-assessment body

Reader: A health-technology-assessment body deciding whether to fund the dapivirine ring.

Relative risk of HIV-1 seroconversion 0.703 (95% confidence interval 0.566 to 0.873), random effects, REML, k = 2 trials, 4588 women randomised and 4578 analysed.

the comparator in this review — a placebo vaginal ring

the comparator an HTA decision actually faces — oral tenofovir/emtricitabine pre-exposure prophylaxis, or long-acting injectable cabotegravir, both of which are available and both of which are what a funder would be choosing between.

⚠️ THIS REVIEW ESTIMATES WHETHER THE RING BEATS NOTHING. IT DOES NOT ESTIMATE WHETHER THE RING BEATS WHAT IS ALREADY AVAILABLE. An HTA body cannot use a placebo-controlled relative risk for a funding decision without an indirect comparison this review does not perform and does not have the trials to perform. THAT IS A LIMITATION OF THE EVIDENCE BASE, NOT OF THE SYNTHESIS -- both eligible trials were placebo-controlled -- but it is decisive for this reader and it is stated first rather than buried.

what would be needed — A network meta-analysis against oral pre-exposure prophylaxis, or the head-to-head trials that exist and were found by this review's own search: NCT03965923, NCT04140266 and NCT03593655 all randomise the ring against oral prophylaxis. Every one was EXCLUDED here on the comparator and the outcome -- their primaries are safety, adherence and uptake, not HIV incidence. The head-to-head efficacy trial an HTA body needs HAS NOT BEEN DONE.

why a range — A single assumed baseline risk is a modelling choice made by the review author on behalf of a jurisdiction they do not know. The whole range is given instead so the reader applies their own incidence.

units — per 100 woman-years

estimand caveat — ⚠️ The relative risk pools cumulative incidence over DIFFERENT follow-up: 24 months registered for NCT01539226 and 12 to 14 months for NCT01617096. Applying it to an annualised incidence assumes the ratio is constant over time. That assumption is not tested here and the table is an approximation resting on it.

⛔ NOT ADDRESSED. This review holds no cost, no price, no delivery-system requirement and no budget-impact input. Nothing in it can support a cost-effectiveness statement, and the absolute table above is an effectiveness input to such a model, not a substitute for one.

VERY LOW by this review's GRADE derivation. An HTA body should read that as: the direction is probably right and the magnitude should not be relied on for a threshold decision.

Serious adverse events and deaths per arm are held for both trials and are DELIBERATELY NOT POOLED -- the two placebo arms differ more than seven-fold in serious-adverse-event rate, which is an ascertainment difference. A harms input to a model must not be taken from a pool this review declines to compute.

For a guideline panel

A panel does not need a narrative. It needs its own twelve considerations answered, or told plainly that they are not.

Table 36. For a guideline panel
Consideration	Answer	From this review
problem is a priority	PARTIALLY INFORMED	The trials ran in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe and their placebo arms show HIV-1 incidence in the range WHO calls substantial risk. The priority is not in question; this review contributes the setting, not the priority.
desirable anticipated effects	INFORMED	Relative risk 0.703 (0.566 to 0.873). At a baseline of 4.5 per 100 woman-years that is about 1.34 infections prevented per 100 woman-years.
undesirable anticipated effects	PARTIALLY INFORMED	Serious adverse events and deaths per arm, both trials, from registry posted results. NOT POOLED, and the reason is stated. Genital and urinary events -- the harms specific to a vaginal ring -- are NOT extracted.
certainty of evidence	INFORMED	VERY LOW.
values	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	No study of how women weigh HIV prevention against ring use was sought or synthesised. This review's own screen IDENTIFIED acceptability and preference studies -- they are in the ledger, excluded because they are not trials of this outcome -- so the gap is a scope decision, not an absence of literature, and a panel should commission that synthesis rather than assume it does not exist.
balance of effects	⛔ CANNOT BE DETERMINED	A balance requires values. With values unaddressed, any balance statement would be the review author's preference wearing a panel's authority.
resources required	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	No cost input of any kind is held.
certainty of resource evidence	⛔ NOT APPLICABLE	No resource evidence.
cost effectiveness	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	No economic evaluation was sought.
equity	PARTIALLY INFORMED, AND THE FINDING IS NEGATIVE	⚠️ NEITHER TRIAL ENROLLED ANYONE UNDER 18. Both set a minimum age of 18 and a maximum of 45. For adolescent girls -- the group in whom adherence to a vaginal ring is most in question and in whom incidence is highest -- THIS REVIEW HAS NO DIRECT EVIDENCE AT ALL, and a panel extending a recommendation to them is extrapolating. ASPIRE also reports an age interaction WITHIN its own range: efficacy 61% at 25 years or older against 10% below, p = 0.02 for interaction. The trials themselves supply the reason not to extrapolate downward.
acceptability	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	Same as values: acceptability studies were identified by the search and excluded by scope. Named, not absent.
feasibility	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	Ring supply, insertion support and monthly replacement logistics are outside this review.

5 of 12 considerations of the framework informed, 7 of 12 considerations not addressed. A panel handed 5 of 12 filled cells and a named reason for each blank is better served than one handed continuous prose that reads as though it covered all 12. This review informs the effects and the certainty. It does not inform values, resources, cost-effectiveness, acceptability or feasibility, and it says which.

For a clinician

Reader: A clinician in Kampala, Lilongwe, Harare or Johannesburg with a woman in front of them.

Women aged 18 to 45 at substantial risk of HIV-1, in the four countries where these trials ran. That is who was studied. It is not a statement about who might benefit.

About a 30% lower chance of acquiring HIV-1 while using the ring, and the honest range around that is 13% to 43%. In absolute terms, for 100 women at a risk of about 4.5 infections per 100 woman-years, using the ring for a year would be expected to prevent about 1.34 infections. Put the other way: about 75 women would need to use it for a year to prevent one infection.

A ring worn continuously and replaced monthly. Serious adverse events were reported in both trials and are NOT combined here, because the two trials counted them so differently that combining would invent a number. Deaths were few and showed no pattern. The main cost is not a side effect: it is remembering to keep the ring in, and adherence is the thing these trials were least able to establish.

GIRLS UNDER 18. Neither trial enrolled one, so there is no direct evidence in adolescents. And within the ages that were studied, the larger trial found the effect concentrated in women 25 and over -- 61% against 10% under 25, p = 0.02 for the interaction. A woman of 19 should not be quoted the overall figure as though it were measured in her.

Not very. This review rates the certainty VERY LOW. The direction -- that the ring helps -- is the part to rely on. The size is not.

The ring against daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. Both trials compared it against a dummy ring. If your patient could take oral prophylaxis, this review does not tell you which is better.

For the public

Reader: A woman who might use the ring, or anyone with no training in statistics.

The dapivirine ring is a soft ring a woman wears inside the vagina and changes once a month. It slowly releases a drug that is meant to stop HIV. This review looked at the two big trials that tested it. Together they included 4588 women in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Some were given the real ring. The rest were given a ring with no drug in it. A computer decided which, and neither the women nor their doctors knew who had which one. Women who used the real ring were about 30% less likely to get HIV. That is the best guess. The true number could be as small as 13% or as large as 43%. Another way to say it is this. Imagine 100 women who each have about a 4.5 in 100 chance of getting HIV in a year. If they all used the ring for a year, we would expect about 1.34 fewer infections. So roughly 75 women would need to use the ring for a year to stop one infection. The ring is not a cure and it does not work for everyone. There are three things this review cannot tell you. It cannot tell you if the ring works in girls under 18, because no girl under 18 was in either trial. It cannot tell you if the ring is better or worse than a daily pill, because the trials compared the ring with a dummy ring and not with a pill. And it cannot tell you the exact size of the benefit, because two trials is very few and the range around the answer is wide. We are fairly sure the ring helps. We are not sure by how much.

instrument — Flesch-Kincaid on a regex syllable heuristic. Unvalidated. Read as a band.

The three things this review cannot tell you are in the body of the plain-language text, not in a limitations paragraph underneath it. A reader who stops early should still have left with the boundary.

Readability: Flesch-Kincaid grade 4.4, reading ease 84.7, 277 words in 23 sentences. Flesch-Kincaid on a regex syllable heuristic. Unvalidated. Read as a band.

⚠️ Four renderings written by one author remain ONE AUTHOR'S reading. They cannot disagree on a number and they can all be wrong about the same thing -- and one of them was, in words rather than digits, on the first pass. Nothing here substitutes for a second reader, and the plain-language text in particular has not been read by anyone in the population it addresses.

HIV-1 seroconversion

Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)

Certainty: VERY_LOW

Started at HIGH — The contributing studies are randomized trials, which begin at HIGH certainty under GRADE (Handbook ch 14)..

Started HIGH; rated down 3 level(s) across risk of bias, indirectness, imprecision; total -3 -> VERY_LOW.

Table 37. Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)
Domain	Rating	Why it was rated that way
Risk of bias	serious	1 of 2 contributing result(s) carry some concerns and none is at high risk of bias (1 low).
Inconsistency	not serious	I-squared 0.0%, tau-squared 0.0000, Q 0.1533 on 1 df. No downgrade: the contributing estimates do not disagree beyond chance. AT k = 2 the statistic is nearly powerless: i-squared and Q have very little ability to detect heterogeneity with this few studies, so a low value is weak evidence of consistency rather than evidence of it (Handbook s10.10.1, which distinguishes clinical and methodological diversity from the statistic).
Indirectness	serious	Downgraded one level for indirectness of population. The question is "in women", unqualified. The evidence is women aged 18-45 (ClinicalTrials.gov, read 2026-08-30: both trials female, min 18 / max 45) recruited in four sub-Saharan African countries. A pooled effect from one region and one age band is not a direct answer to a question about women without qualification.
Imprecision	serious	RR 0.703 (0.566 to 0.8731). The interval excludes the line of no effect and does not span appreciable benefit and harm, but k = 2. The Hartung-Knapp interval is 0.1725 to 2.865 on t = 12.7062 and it includes the line of no effect. The two intervals disagree about whether an effect is demonstrated, and that disagreement is disclosed rather than resolved silently in either direction. At this k the interval is itself estimated from almost no information about between-study variance (Handbook s10.10.4.5, which is why the more conservative interval is reported beside the ordinary one at small k). Optimal information size is not evaluated. Handbook s14.2.2 rates precision on the interval and on whether the accrued events or participants exceed the OIS, and this object does not hold the pooled sample size and event count for this outcome. So no rating here may claim precision is adequate on OIS grounds; a downgrade rests on the interval alone and could only ever be more severe once OIS were known, never less. Sensitivity of this rating to the threshold: under line of no effect (structural) it would not be rated down; under appreciable benefit or harm 0.75_1.25 (declared default) it would be rated down. The rating above uses decision threshold. Naming the alternatives is how a reader disagrees with a specific step rather than with a letter.
Publication bias	not assessable	k = 2, below the ten studies at which funnel-plot asymmetry can be tested with any power. Handbook ch 13 s13.3.4.4: "As a rule of thumb, tests for funnel plot asymmetry should be used only when there are at least 10 studies included in the meta-analysis, because when there are fewer studies the power of the tests is low." this is 'not assessable', not 'undetected': no test capable of detecting small-study effects was available here, so their absence is not evidence of their absence.

In this section: Paper · Title · Abstract · Introduction · Methods — search · Methods — synthesis · Results · Risk of bias in the included results · Certainty of the evidence · Comparison with published syntheses · Limitations · Data availability · Software availability · Note on registration · References · Figures · Trial characteristics · Not reported in this record

Paper

Each statement below cites the record it came from; those sources are listed at the end of every section. Where the record holds nothing, the section says so by name rather than being left out, so a procedure that was not carried out can be told from one that simply was never mentioned.

Title

Dapivirine vaginal ring versus placebo ring for HIV prevention in women¹

Sources for this section (1)

title

Abstract

Question. Does a dapivirine vaginal ring reduce HIV-1 seroconversion compared with a placebo vaginal ring in women?¹

Methods. estimates were pooled under a random-effects model with the REML estimator; risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 (Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials); and certainty was rated with GRADE, following the Cochrane Handbook chapter 14. Randomised evidence starts HIGH and is rated down with reasons.²

Results. HIV-1 seroconversion: risk ratio 0.703 (0.566 to 0.873) across 2 trials; 1 of these pooled outcome(s) carries a stated qualification -- a referral or a recorded finding -- given in full in Results and not reproduced here; no statistical heterogeneity was detected (I-squared 0%), though heterogeneity cannot be reliably assessed with two trials; and certainty of the evidence was very low.³

Sources for this section (3)

question
results.by_outcome, risk_of_bias.by_outcome, grade.by_outcome
grade.by_outcome, results.by_outcome

Introduction

¹Background. This review asks: Does a dapivirine vaginal ring reduce HIV-1 seroconversion compared with a placebo vaginal ring in women? It pools 2 randomised trials, against placebo vaginal ring. The outcome pooled is HIV-1 seroconversion. Every count and denominator behind those estimates is read as follows. Registry throughout. Counts and denominators read from ClinicalTrials.gov posted results.

Sources for this section (1)

manuscript.introduction

Methods — search

Primary trials. No bibliographic search for primary trials was run. The 2 included trials were identified by reading named registrations on 2026-08-18. All five seeded registrations read on 2026-08-18; two pooled, three excluded on the grounds stated. Published syntheses. PubMed E-utilities esearch + esummary, executed 2026-08-21. Query as executed: (dapivirine[tiab] OR "vaginal ring"[tiab]) and (HIV[tiab]) and (meta-analysis[pt] OR "systematic review"[pt] OR meta-analysis[tiab] OR pooled[tiab]). It matched 8 record(s), of which 8 were retrieved and 8 read; 0 appraised.¹

Sources for this section (1)

bookkeeping_2026_08_21.the_search_its_date_and_its_databases

Methods — synthesis

For HIV-1 seroconversion, a random-effects model was fitted with the REML estimator.¹

Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 (Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials) (), following . 2 result-level assessments were made.²

A ceiling applies to every risk-of-bias judgement in this review; it is stated with the assessment itself rather than summarised here.³

Certainty of evidence was rated with GRADE, following the Cochrane Handbook chapter 14. Randomised evidence starts HIGH and is rated down with reasons., following . 1 pooled outcome(s) were rated.⁴

Sources for this section (4)

results.by_outcome.primary.model, results.by_outcome.primary.estimator_used
risk_of_bias.tool, risk_of_bias.by_outcome
risk_of_bias.ceiling
grade.approach, grade.by_outcome

Results

The pooled risk ratio for HIV-1 seroconversion was 0.703 (0.566 to 0.873) across 2 trials, against placebo vaginal ring.¹

Noted on this pool. Read this beside the estimate. This review is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both contributing registrations set a minimum eligibility age of 18 years -- NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, both female, both 18 to 45 years. The object does not hold enrolled-age distributions, so it cannot say whether any adolescent was actually enrolled. The estimate does not speak to people under 18 as an eligibility group, and GRADE indirectness is rated down for that reason. Read this beside the estimate. This review is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both contributing trials set a minimum age of 18 years on their registrations -- NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, both female, both 18 to 45 years. No participant under 18 was eligible for either trial. The estimate does not speak to adolescent girls, and GRADE indirectness is rated down for it. Stated so the caution is not read wider than it is. The Ring Study ran in South Africa and Uganda; Aspire ran in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. By region this is directly the population of interest. The indirectness is about age alone. Corrected 2026-08-30 from ClinicalTrials.gov, read the same day: NCT01539226 is orgStudyId IPM 027, The Ring Study, n=1,959, and its registered locations are South Africa and Uganda; NCT01617096 is acronym aspire, mtn-020, n=2,629, locations Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The previous wording attached each trial's facts to the other trial. ⛔ these two fields are prose with no NCT in the string, so neither this repo's NCT-keyed sweep nor the staging lane's gate could reach them -- both walk identifier keys. A name in free text has no key to walk. Found by rapidmeta-staging-33. The unadjusted interval is RR 0.7030 (0.5660 to 0.8731) and excludes no difference. This project's Hartung-Knapp interval at k = 2 is 0.1725 to 2.8655 -- and not 0.4054 to 1.2191, which is metafor's RAW unfloored knha interval and was misattributed to this project in the first version of this note and includes it. The honest reading of that is narrow: at k = 2 the t critical value is 12.7062 and almost nothing survives the adjustment, so this is much weaker evidence against the result than the same disagreement would be at larger k. It is disclosed because a reader is entitled to both intervals, not because it overturns the estimate. A screen of eight records found NO published synthesis pooling HIV seroconversion across these two trials -- the five flagged syntheses are about adherence, acceptability and pregnancy outcomes. This estimate is unreplicated so far as this project has looked. Both registrations register adverse events as a second primary outcome. This review carries only the efficacy primary. That is a scope fact, not a defect in the estimate, and it is recorded so a reader does not read this page as a benefit-and-harm summary.²

The trials' results were closely consistent with one another: I-squared, the share of the variation between them that is more than chance alone would produce, was 0%; the estimated variance of the true effects between trials (tau-squared) was 0, the heterogeneity test statistic Q was 0.153, on degrees of freedom 1.³

What this does not establish: Not that dapivirine ring PrEP works or does not work in this population -- no risk-of-bias assessment is recorded and adherence, which dominates ring effectiveness, is not an outcome here. Not anything about oral or gel PrEP, which are excluded above. Not that the three excluded trials are poor: they answer different questions. Not reliability at k=2 -- see Hartung-Knapp.⁴

The full model output for every pooled outcome -- the call, the estimator, the heterogeneity statistics and the back-transformed interval -- is stored verbatim on this review object at `results.by_outcome.<outcome>.r_output.verbatim`. It is not reproduced as an Extended data section in this article; an earlier version of this sentence said it was, and no such section exists.⁵

Sources for this section (5)

outcomes[id=primary].name, results.by_outcome.primary.pooled, outcomes[id=primary].comparator
results.by_outcome.primary.POOL_FINDINGS_2026_08_21
results.by_outcome.primary.heterogeneity.i2, results.by_outcome.primary.heterogeneity.tau2, results.by_outcome.primary.heterogeneity.q, results.by_outcome.primary.heterogeneity.df
results.by_outcome.primary.what_this_does_not_establish
results.by_outcome

Risk of bias in the included results

Risk of bias was assessed with RoB 2 at the level of each reported result. Across the 2 results assessed: 1 at some concerns, 1 at low risk of bias. The per-domain judgements behind them are recorded with the extracted data.¹

Sources for this section (1)

risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.DISAGREEMENT_RATE, risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.PER_DOMAIN, risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.RECOUNTED_AFTER_THE_D1_RESOLUTION_2026_08_21, risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.assessor_1, risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.how_it_was_asked, risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.not_changed_here, risk_of_bias.SECOND_ASSESSOR_2026_08_21.the_disagreement, risk_of_bias.ceiling.statement, risk_of_bias.tool

Certainty of the evidence

Certainty was rated with GRADE, following the Cochrane Handbook chapter 14. Randomised evidence starts HIGH and is rated down with reasons..¹

LOW certainty. The two trials agree closely and ran in the right countries, so the downgrades are for the unread adherence and attrition domains and for a population mismatch the topic's own name conceals: both registrations set minimum eligibility at 18, and the object does not hold enrolled-age distributions.²

Certainty of the evidence, by outcome, with every rating step³
Outcome	Certainty	k	Started at	Rating steps
HIV-1 seroconversion	VERY_LOW	2		risk of bias -- Both results are some concerns. the randomisation process, measurement of the outcome and selection of the reported result are LOW on read registrations, but deviations from the intended intervention and missing outcome data are no information and on a PrEP trial those are the adherence and attrition domains -- the ones that decide whether an intention-to-treat ring effect reflects the drug or its use. (move: HIGH to MODERATE, down 1 level(s)); inconsistency -- tau-squared is exactly zero, Q 0.1535 on 1 df, p = 0.6952, I-squared 0.00%. The two intervals -- 0.6711 (0.4884 to 0.9221) and 0.7320 (0.5442 to 0.9845) -- agree in size and in conclusion. Downgrading here would manufacture a caution the numbers do not support. (move: no downgrade); indirectness -- this topic is named for adolescent girls and young women. Both registrations set a minimum eligibility age of 18 years (NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, eligibility module, both 18 to 45 years, female). The object does not hold enrolled-age distributions, so it cannot say whether any adolescent was actually enrolled. The estimate is therefore indirect for people under 18 in the named population, in whom adherence to a vaginal ring is the very thing in question. The setting is not the problem: the trials ran in South Africa, Uganda, Malawi and Zimbabwe, which is directly the population of interest by region. (move: MODERATE to LOW, down 1 level(s)); imprecision -- k = 2. The Hartung-Knapp interval is RR 0.7030 (0.1725 to 2.8655) on t = 12.7062 with 1 df and it includes no difference, where the unadjusted interval excludes it. A downgrade is warranted on that alone. It is not applied, and the reason is stated rather than hidden: at k = 2 the t critical value is 12.7062 and only a very large effect survives hartung-knapp at all, so the adjusted interval at this k is weak evidence of imprecision in either direction. The rating is left at LOW and the disagreement is disclosed to the reader instead. (move: no downgrade -- not warranted, because the Hartung-Knapp interval at k = 2 is uninformative in either direction; move before 2026 08 30: LOW to very LOW -- warranted and not applied, see reason; label corrected because: The previous label said the downgrade was warranted and not applied. Those cannot both be true: if it is warranted the level moves, and if the evidence for it is too weak to act on then it is not warranted. The step’s own reason argues the second. Nothing about the decision changed -- only the label, which any consumer parsing `move` would have read as a warranted downgrade withheld, in the direction that flatters us. Found by rapidmeta-staging-33 (register class A28).); publication bias -- k = 2. A funnel plot and its asymmetry tests have essentially no power below about ten trials (Handbook 13.3.5.4), so this is not assessable rather than 'undetected'. (move: Not assessable -- no rating applied)

Sources for this section (3)

grade.approach
grade.by_outcome.primary.summary
grade.by_outcome.primary

Comparison with published syntheses

Published syntheses were identified as follows. PubMed E-utilities esearch + esummary, executed 2026-08-21. Query, counts and per-record disposition in ssot/agyw-hiv-prep-review/appraisal/the screen of published syntheses.json.¹

Sources for this section (1)

published_comparison._how_identified

Limitations

What this review does not give a clinician: any absolute effect or number needed to treat and any measure of harm. A relative effect cannot be turned into the benefit or the risk facing one patient without them, so this review can support a judgement about what these trials found and not a judgement about what to do.¹

Sources for this section (1)

results.by_outcome

Data availability

The underlying records are the 2 source(s) listed under References; each names the layer it was read at, so a reader can tell a registry record from a published report.¹

Sources for this section (1)

sources

Software availability

Analyses were computed under R 4.6.0 with metafor 5.0.1.¹

Sources for this section (1)

results.by_outcome

Note on registration

No PROSPERO registration or protocol record is held on this object. That is not the same as knowing this review was not registered, and neither claim is made. It is recorded here as an absence so that a reader does not have to infer it from silence.¹

Sources for this section (1)

bookkeeping_2026_08_21.whether_this_review_was_prospectively_registered

References

Included studies, by registration¹
Trial	Registration	Registry	Read
The Ring Study / IPM 027	NCT01539226	ClinicalTrials.gov	2026-08-18
ASPIRE / MTN-020	NCT01617096	ClinicalTrials.gov	2026-08-18

Methods guidance and software, with what each is cited for²
Cited for	Reference
risk of bias in the included results	Sterne JAC, Savovic J, Page MJ, et al. RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019;366:l4898. doi:10.1136/bmj.l4898
certainty of the evidence	Schunemann HJ, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, et al. Chapter 14: Completing 'Summary of findings' tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.5. Cochrane; 2024.
the model fitted, as R 4.6.0 with metafor 5.0.1	Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat Softw. 2010;36(3):1-48. doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03
the reporting guideline this manuscript is written against	Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. doi:10.1136/bmj.n71

Sources this review reads, with the layer each was read at³
Id	Layer	Source	Location
ASPIRE_PRIMARY_PMC	Trial primary report, open access via PubMed Central	Baeten et al. Use of a Vaginal Ring Containing Dapivirine for HIV-1 Prevention in Women. N Engl J Med 2016.	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993693/
RING_STUDY_PRIMARY	Trial primary report	Nel et al. Safety and Efficacy of a Dapivirine Vaginal Ring for HIV Prevention in Women. N Engl J Med 2016.

Sources for this section (3)

manuscript.references
manuscript.references
sources

Figures

Figure 1. Forest plot -- HIV-1 seroconversion. k = 2.¹

Figure 2 not drawn. k = 2. A funnel plot and its asymmetry tests have almost no power below about ten trials (Cochrane Handbook 13.3.5.4), so a funnel drawn here would invite a reading of asymmetry this evidence cannot support. It is declined rather than drawn, and this slot says so where the plot would have been.

Figure 2. Funnel plot -- HIV-1 seroconversion. k = 2.²

Sources for this section (2)

results.by_outcome.primary.per_trial, results.by_outcome.primary.pooled
results.by_outcome.primary.per_trial, results.by_outcome.primary.pooled

Trial characteristics

Characteristics of every trial contributing to this review¹
Registration	Trial	Participants	Randomised	Primary outcome measured over	Design
NCT01539226		registered condition: HIV Infections	not extracted	24 months	Dapivirine vaginal ring (treatment, n=1302) vs Placebo vaginal ring (control, n=650) [+2 further fields recorded on the object]
NCT01617096		registered condition: HIV Infections	not extracted	minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 14 months per participant	Dapivirine vaginal ring (treatment, n=1313) vs Placebo vaginal ring (control, n=1313) [+2 further fields recorded on the object]

Sources for this section (1)

inputs.trials

Not reported in this record

The items below were not written because the record does not hold what they would be composed from. They are named here so that an absence is not mistaken for an omission.

Items not reported, and why
Article area	Item not reported	Reason
Abstract	The Background sentence of the abstract	Background is argument -- why this question matters -- and no arrangement of the quantities this object holds yields it. It is emitted only from an authored field and there is no composition path for it here
Abstract	The Conclusions sentence of the abstract	A conclusion is argument -- what a reader should now believe -- and it is emitted only from an authored field. Composing one from the estimate would be this renderer telling the reader what to conclude, which no field supports
Methods — search	A database search for primary trials, which was not carried out for this review; the included trials were identified from named registrations	No further reason is recorded.
Methods — eligibility criteria	The eligibility criteria	No further reason is recorded.
Methods — how many studies at each stage	The k cascade	No further reason is recorded.
Methods — outcomes sought at every registered rank	The statement that outcomes were sought below the primary	No further reason is recorded.
Methods — synthesis	The claim that records were screened in duplicate by two independent reviewers	No further reason is recorded.
Methods — synthesis	The claim that the review methods were prespecified before data collection	No further reason is recorded.
Reporting guidelines	The reporting-guideline compliance statement	PRISMA 2020 is the guideline for a completed systematic review, and this object carries no screening record, so a claim of compliance would be asserted rather than shown. It is refused rather than written, because a false statement in a compliance section is worse than an absent one
Author contributions	The author-contributions statement	Who did what is a fact about people, and this object records none
Competing interests	The competing-interests declaration	F1000Research requires this section on every article, and requires explicit text where there is nothing to declare. It is a statement about the author and not about the evidence: no field of this object implies it and none is invented here
Grant information	The grant information	The venue requires each funder's name, the grant number where applicable, and the person the grant was assigned to. None of that is derivable from a synthesis
Funding and conflicts of interest	The funding and conflict-of-interest statement -- a content gap	A submission requires it and this object does not carry it; it is not inferable from anything held here
Note on registration	The registration note	No further reason is recorded.
Registration	A registration statement: no prospective registration is recorded for this review, and whether one exists elsewhere has not been established	No further reason is recorded.
Submission conformance	The submission conformance statement	No further reason is recorded.

Not held in this object. No health-technology-assessment view is held in this object. That view needs an absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses and a statement of which comparator the decision actually faces; neither is derivable from a pooled ratio alone, so nothing is generated here.

For a health-technology-assessment body

Tab status: REQUIRED AS A TAB by ssot/page_format_v1.json (pn-hta).

Reader: A health-technology-assessment body deciding whether to fund the dapivirine ring.

Relative risk of HIV-1 seroconversion 0.703 (95% confidence interval 0.566 to 0.873), random effects, REML, k = 2 trials, 4588 women randomised and 4578 analysed.

the comparator in this review — a placebo vaginal ring

units — per 100 woman-years

VERY LOW by this review's GRADE derivation. An HTA body should read that as: the direction is probably right and the magnitude should not be relied on for a threshold decision.

In this section: For a guideline panel

For a guideline panel

Tab status: REQUIRED AS A TAB by ssot/page_format_v1.json (pn-guideline).

Reader: A guideline panel using a GRADE evidence-to-decision framework.

A panel does not need a narrative. It needs its own twelve considerations answered, or told plainly that they are not.

Table 38. For a guideline panel
Consideration	Answer	From this review
problem is a priority	PARTIALLY INFORMED	The trials ran in Malawi, South Africa, Uganda and Zimbabwe and their placebo arms show HIV-1 incidence in the range WHO calls substantial risk. The priority is not in question; this review contributes the setting, not the priority.
desirable anticipated effects	INFORMED	Relative risk 0.703 (0.566 to 0.873). At a baseline of 4.5 per 100 woman-years that is about 1.34 infections prevented per 100 woman-years.
undesirable anticipated effects	PARTIALLY INFORMED	Serious adverse events and deaths per arm, both trials, from registry posted results. NOT POOLED, and the reason is stated. Genital and urinary events -- the harms specific to a vaginal ring -- are NOT extracted.
certainty of evidence	INFORMED	VERY LOW.
values	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	No study of how women weigh HIV prevention against ring use was sought or synthesised. This review's own screen IDENTIFIED acceptability and preference studies -- they are in the ledger, excluded because they are not trials of this outcome -- so the gap is a scope decision, not an absence of literature, and a panel should commission that synthesis rather than assume it does not exist.
balance of effects	⛔ CANNOT BE DETERMINED	A balance requires values. With values unaddressed, any balance statement would be the review author's preference wearing a panel's authority.
resources required	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	No cost input of any kind is held.
certainty of resource evidence	⛔ NOT APPLICABLE	No resource evidence.
cost effectiveness	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	No economic evaluation was sought.
equity	PARTIALLY INFORMED, AND THE FINDING IS NEGATIVE	⚠️ NEITHER TRIAL ENROLLED ANYONE UNDER 18. Both set a minimum age of 18 and a maximum of 45. For adolescent girls -- the group in whom adherence to a vaginal ring is most in question and in whom incidence is highest -- THIS REVIEW HAS NO DIRECT EVIDENCE AT ALL, and a panel extending a recommendation to them is extrapolating. ASPIRE also reports an age interaction WITHIN its own range: efficacy 61% at 25 years or older against 10% below, p = 0.02 for interaction. The trials themselves supply the reason not to extrapolate downward.
acceptability	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	Same as values: acceptability studies were identified by the search and excluded by scope. Named, not absent.
feasibility	⛔ NOT ADDRESSED	Ring supply, insertion support and monthly replacement logistics are outside this review.

5 of 12 considerations informed, 7 of 12 considerations not addressed. A panel handed 5 of 12 filled cells and a named reason for each blank is better served than one handed continuous prose that reads as though it covered all 12. This review informs the effects and the certainty. It does not inform values, resources, cost-effectiveness, acceptability or feasibility, and it says which.

Not held in this object. No statistical panel set is held in this object.

Outcome	Intervention	Control	Reading	Trials	Provenance tier
Any grade 3 adverse event	151 (12%)	162 (12%)	no material difference	ASPIRE, 2629 women NCT01617096	trial report
Any grade 4 adverse event	22 (2%)	23 (2%)	no material difference	ASPIRE, 2629 women NCT01617096	trial report
Any serious adverse event	52 (4%)	48 (4%)	no material difference	ASPIRE, 2629 women NCT01617096	trial report
Death	4 (<1%)	3 (<1%)	no material difference	ASPIRE, 2629 women NCT01617096	trial report
Grade 2 event judged related to the product	7 (1%)	9 (1%)	no material difference	ASPIRE, 2629 women NCT01617096	trial report
NNRTI resistance mutations among those who seroconverted	8 of 68 (12%)	10 of 96 (10%)	no signal; P = 0.80	ASPIRE NCT01617096	trial report
Pregnancy	—	—	the ring was withheld during pregnancy and resumed afterwards, so pregnancy is a protocol event here rather than a comparative outcome	ASPIRE NCT01617096	trial report
Sexually transmitted infections, all incident (composite)	682 / 1271 (53.7%)	315 / 624 (50.5%)	RR 1.063 (95% CI 0.969 to 1.167) — derived here from the registry's own posted 2×2. ⚠️ The interval includes no difference, so this establishes no effect in either direction.	The Ring Study, 1895 analysed NCT01539226	registry results
Chlamydia	not stated in what we hold	not stated in what we hold	RR 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07) — the comparator's own pooled figure, not read at source	2 trials, 4588 women	prior-meta table (unverified)
Syphilis	not stated in what we hold	not stated in what we hold	RR 1.70 (0.63 to 4.59) — the comparator's own pooled figure, not read at source	as reported by the comparator	prior-meta table (unverified)
Gonorrhoea	—	—	the comparator reports no effect on the risk of acquiring gonorrhoea; ⚠️ NO FIGURE IS GIVEN HERE BECAUSE WE HOLD NONE. The comparator states this qualitatively in the part of it we hold; its per-outcome counts and intervals are in the data tables, and the PMC deposit is the abstract only. The pilot page printed a risk ratio for this outcome that does not appear in any document this project holds, and it is not carried forward.	—	prior-meta table (unverified)
Trichomoniasis	—	—	the comparator reports no effect on the risk of acquiring trichomoniasis; ⚠️ NO FIGURE IS GIVEN HERE BECAUSE WE HOLD NONE. The comparator states this qualitatively in the part of it we hold; its per-outcome counts and intervals are in the data tables, and the PMC deposit is the abstract only. The pilot page printed a risk ratio for this outcome that does not appear in any document this project holds, and it is not carried forward.	—	prior-meta table (unverified)
Human papillomavirus and condyloma acuminatum	—	—	the comparator reports no effect; no figure is given in what we hold	—	prior-meta table (unverified)
Herpes simplex virus type 2	—	—	NOT MEASURABLE for this product — the comparator reports HSV-2 for cellulose sulphate, PRO 2000 and tenofovir, and reports none for dapivirine; ASPIRE's report does not carry an HSV outcome either	—	absent by design
Acceptability	—	—	NOT REPORTED by any trial in the comparator's set — “No study reported on acceptability of the intervention.”	—	absent

Trial	Provenance tier	Intervention events / n	Control events / n
The Ring Study / IPM 027	registry results ← used	82 / 1302	61 / 650
The Ring Study / IPM 027	external review citing the adjudicated publication not read at source	77 / 1300	56 / 650
ASPIRE / MTN-020	registry results ← used	71 / 1313	97 / 1313
ASPIRE / MTN-020	trial report	71 / 1313	97 / 1316

Basis	Per-trial counts	Pooled	Excludes no difference
registry results ← the headline	`NCT01539226` 82/1302 vs 61/650 `NCT01617096` 71/1313 vs 97/1313	RR 0.7030 (95% CI 0.5660 to 0.8731)	yes
best published (adjudicated publication + trial report)	`NCT01539226` 77/1300 vs 56/650 — external review citing the adjudicated publication `NCT01617096` 71/1313 vs 97/1316 — trial report	RR 0.7127 (95% CI 0.5715 to 0.8889)	yes

Class	What it catches	The defect that generated it
unanchored-external-authority	an outside body's position asserted with nothing retrievable behind it	'WHO has recommended the ring' went live from a conversation, and dropped the conditionality WHO actually attached -- WHO, iris handle 10665/340190, 17 March 2021: the ring 'may be offered ... (Conditional recommendation; moderate-certainty evidence)'
single-trial-shown-as-pooled	one trial's result presented as a pool	the front page carried a single trial's HR 0.85 (0.79-0.92) as a two-trial pool
unfilled-template-token	a placeholder shipped unsubstituted	11 pages cited protocols/name_protocol_v1.0.md -- 'name' was the placeholder
bare-none-rendered	a Python None reaching rendered output	1110 dashboards rendered as 626-byte stubs from `None` in a JS literal
markup-imbalance	unbalanced tags after a hand edit	div-balance drift after HTML edits, repeatedly
estimand-unnamed	a pooled quantity presented without naming what it estimates	binary counts pooled where both trials analysed time to event
hksj-unqualified	a small-k interval reported without naming the variance floor	raw HKSJ narrows below Wald when Q < k-1; the q* floor was missing
ratio-on-natural-scale	a ratio measure said to be on the natural scale	sglt2-hf rendered 'on the natural scale' for a hazard ratio
denial-of-something-held	the page denies what the corpus holds	92 pages stated no protocol exists while a protocol sat in the repository
statistic-rendered-twice	one statistic with two values on one page	the same number rendered from two code paths
untraceable-number	a number with no source	stored estimates that do not follow from their own counts: 172 of 178 uncheckable

What	Value	Read from	Sentence it was read from	Fingerprint
Acceptability	NOT REPORTED by any trial in the comparator's set — “No study reported on acceptability of the intervention.”	PMC8092571	No study reported on acceptability of the intervention.	a61512f81de560a9
Any grade 3 adverse event	no material difference	PMC4993693	Table 2 Adverse Events. Adverse Event Dapivirine Group (N = 1313) Placebo Group (N = 1316) no. (%) Primary safety end point 180 (14) 186 (14); Any serious adverse event 52 (4) 48 (4); Death 4 (<1) 3 (<1); Any grade 4 event 22 (2) 23 (2); Any grade 3 event 151 (12) 162 (12); Any grade 2 event assesse… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Any grade 4 adverse event	no material difference	PMC4993693	Table 2 Adverse Events. Adverse Event Dapivirine Group (N = 1313) Placebo Group (N = 1316) no. (%) Primary safety end point 180 (14) 186 (14); Any serious adverse event 52 (4) 48 (4); Death 4 (<1) 3 (<1); Any grade 4 event 22 (2) 23 (2); Any grade 3 event 151 (12) 162 (12); Any grade 2 event assesse… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Any serious adverse event	no material difference	PMC4993693	Table 2 Adverse Events. Adverse Event Dapivirine Group (N = 1313) Placebo Group (N = 1316) no. (%) Primary safety end point 180 (14) 186 (14); Any serious adverse event 52 (4) 48 (4); Death 4 (<1) 3 (<1); Any grade 4 event 22 (2) 23 (2); Any grade 3 event 151 (12) 162 (12); Any grade 2 event assesse… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Chlamydia	RR 0.97 (0.89 to 1.07)	PMC8092571	In addition, dapivirine (RR 0.97, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.07), tenofovir (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.71 to 1.13) … may result in little to no difference in the risk of acquiring chlamydia infection (low-certainty evidence).	a61512f81de560a9
Death	no material difference	PMC4993693	Table 2 Adverse Events. Adverse Event Dapivirine Group (N = 1313) Placebo Group (N = 1316) no. (%) Primary safety end point 180 (14) 186 (14); Any serious adverse event 52 (4) 48 (4); Death 4 (<1) 3 (<1); Any grade 4 event 22 (2) 23 (2); Any grade 3 event 151 (12) 162 (12); Any grade 2 event assesse… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Gonorrhoea	the comparator reports no effect on the risk of acquiring gonorrhoea; ⚠️ NO FIGURE IS GIVEN HERE BECAUSE WE HOLD NONE. The comparator states this qualitatively in the part of it we hold; its per-outcome counts and intervals are in the data tables, and the PMC deposit is the abstract only. The pilot page printed a risk ratio for this outcome that does not appear in any document this project holds, and it is not carried forward.	PMC8092571	The evidence also suggests that current topical microbicides may not have an effect on the risk of acquiring gonorrhoea, condyloma acuminatum, trichomoniasis, or human papillomavirus infection (low-certainty evidence).	a61512f81de560a9
Grade 2 event judged related to the product	no material difference	PMC4993693	Table 2 Adverse Events. Adverse Event Dapivirine Group (N = 1313) Placebo Group (N = 1316) no. (%) Primary safety end point 180 (14) 186 (14); Any serious adverse event 52 (4) 48 (4); Death 4 (<1) 3 (<1); Any grade 4 event 22 (2) 23 (2); Any grade 3 event 151 (12) 162 (12); Any grade 2 event assesse… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Herpes simplex virus type 2	NOT MEASURABLE for this product — the comparator reports HSV-2 for cellulose sulphate, PRO 2000 and tenofovir, and reports none for dapivirine; ASPIRE's report does not carry an HSV outcome either	PMC8092571	Existing evidence suggests that cellulose sulphate … and PRO 2000 … may result in little to no difference in the risk of getting herpes simplex virus type 2 infection	a61512f81de560a9
Human papillomavirus and condyloma acuminatum	the comparator reports no effect; no figure is given in what we hold	PMC8092571	The evidence also suggests that current topical microbicides may not have an effect on the risk of acquiring gonorrhoea, condyloma acuminatum, trichomoniasis, or human papillomavirus infection (low-certainty evidence).	a61512f81de560a9
NNRTI resistance mutations among those who seroconverted	no signal; P = 0.80	PMC4993693	among participants who acquired HIV-1 infection, there was no significant between-group difference in the numbers of participants with non-nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor mutations suggesting antiviral resistance (8 of 68 participants [12%] in the dapivirine group and 10 of 96 [10%] in th… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Pregnancy	the ring was withheld during pregnancy and resumed afterwards, so pregnancy is a protocol event here rather than a comparative outcome	PMC4993693	Women were tested monthly for pregnancy, and the study ring was withheld from women who became pregnant; they resumed use of the study ring when no longer pregnant or lactating.	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Syphilis	RR 1.70 (0.63 to 4.59)	PMC8092571	The evidence also suggests that dapivirine (RR 1.70, 95% CI 0.63 to 4.59), tenofovir (RR 1.27, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.78) … may have little or no effect on the risk of acquiring syphilis (low-certainty evidence).	a61512f81de560a9
Trichomoniasis	the comparator reports no effect on the risk of acquiring trichomoniasis; ⚠️ NO FIGURE IS GIVEN HERE BECAUSE WE HOLD NONE. The comparator states this qualitatively in the part of it we hold; its per-outcome counts and intervals are in the data tables, and the PMC deposit is the abstract only. The pilot page printed a risk ratio for this outcome that does not appear in any document this project holds, and it is not carried forward.	PMC8092571	The evidence also suggests that current topical microbicides may not have an effect on the risk of acquiring gonorrhoea, condyloma acuminatum, trichomoniasis, or human papillomavirus infection (low-certainty evidence).	a61512f81de560a9
counselling on HIV-1 risk reduction, partner HIV-1 testing, treatment of sexually transmit	—	PMC4993693	All participants received a package of HIV-1 prevention services, including counseling with respect to HIV-1 risk reduction, partner HIV-1 testing, treatment of sexually transmitted infections in participants and partners, and free condoms.	a6c75ad7e331aff7
inputs/trials[1]/counts_by_tier/tiers/trial report	71	PMC4993693	Of 5516 women who underwent screening, 2629 were enrolled: 1313 in the dapivirine group and 1316 in the placebo group.	a6c75ad7e331aff7
results/by_outcome/primary/adherence	—	PMC4993693	For women who were older than 21 years of age, the efficacy of HIV-1 protection was 56% (95% CI, 31 to 71; P<0.001), and the rate of adherence was more than 70% overall, as defined by dapivirine detection in plasma, in returned rings, and in the composite of those two measures.	a6c75ad7e331aff7
results/by_outcome/primary/followup	—	PMC4993693	The median follow-up was 1.6 years (interquartile range, 1.1 to 2.3), and the maximum follow-up was 2.6 years; 1024 women contributed more than 2 years of follow-up.	a6c75ad7e331aff7
results/by_outcome/primary/subgroups[2]/supporting_verbatim[0]	—	PMC4993693	Lack of HIV-1 protection, along with lower adherence, was seen in participants who were 18 to 21 years of age, with an efficacy of HIV-1 protection of −27% (95% CI, −133 to 31; P = 0.45). For women who were older than 21 years of age, the efficacy of HIV-1 protection was 56% (95% CI, 31 to 71; P<0.0… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	a6c75ad7e331aff7
Sexually transmitted infections, all incident (composite)	RR 1.063 (95% CI 0.969 to 1.167) — derived here from the registry's own posted 2×2. ⚠️ The interval includes no difference, so this establishes no effect in either direction.	PMID27959766	The percentage of participants testing positive for any STI (gonorrhoea, chlamydia, trichomonas, syphilis) will be assessed.	—
results/by_outcome/primary/estimand_mismatch	—	no source recorded	ASPIRE, registered primary outcome time frame: “minimum of 12 months and a maximum of 14 months per participant”. The Ring Study: “24 months”.	—
results/by_outcome/primary/grade/indirectness/load_bearing_quote_VERIFIED	—	no source recorded	However, the efficacy of HIV-1 protection differed significantly according to age, with an efficacy of 61% (95% CI, 32 to 77; P<0.001) among women 25 years of age or older and 10% (95% CI, −41 to 43; P = 0.64) among those under the age of 25 years (P = 0.02 for interaction).	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01539226/1.1	—	no source recorded	METHODS In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned participants in a 2:1 ratio to receive vaginal rings containing either 25 mg of dapivirine or placebo.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01539226/2.1	—	no source recorded	Methods Trial Population, Design, and Oversight This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial involved healthy, HIV-negative, sexually active women who were enrolled at seven research centers in South Africa and Uganda (Fig. 1).	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01539226/2.2	—	no source recorded	Methods Trial Population, Design, and Oversight This multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial involved healthy, HIV-negative, sexually active women who were enrolled at seven research centers in South Africa and Uganda (Fig. 1).	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01539226/2.6	—	no source recorded	The primary analysis was performed in the modified intention-to-treat population, which included the participants with HIV-1 seroconversion that was confirmed by the independent seroconversion-monitoring committee to be a trial end point.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01539226/3.1	—	no source recorded	A total of 61 of 1959 participants (3.1%) were lost to follow-up.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/1.1	—	no source recorded	Study Procedures At enrollment, women were assigned in a 1:1 ratio, with the use of fixed-size block randomization, stratified according to site, to receive either a silicone elastomer vaginal matrix ring containing 25 mg of dapivirine or a placebo vaginal ring.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/1.2	—	no source recorded	The dapivirine and placebo rings were indistinguishable, and with the exception of staff members at the central statistical and data management center, investigators and participants were unaware of the randomization assignments until completion of the trial.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/2.1	—	no source recorded	The dapivirine and placebo rings were indistinguishable, and with the exception of staff members at the central statistical and data management center, investigators and participants were unaware of the randomization assignments until completion of the trial.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/2.2	—	no source recorded	The dapivirine and placebo rings were indistinguishable, and with the exception of staff members at the central statistical and data management center, investigators and participants were unaware of the randomization assignments until completion of the trial.	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/2.6	—	no source recorded	statistical monitoring, which was performed on the basis of data from all 15 sites, used the Lan–DeMets spending approach to adjust the O’Brien–Fleming sequential monitoring boundaries. 20 , 21 The primary analysis of HIV-1 protection was performed according to the intention-to-treat principle with … [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/3.1	—	no source recorded	Follow-up and Adherence The rate of retention of participants for assessment of incident HIV-1 infection was 85% or more during follow-up ( Fig. 1 ), with 2614 participants (99.4%) completing at least one post-randomization HIV-1 test and 4280 total person-years of follow-up accrued for assessment o… [abridged; the full sentence is in the object]	—
22 to 26 years	56	PMC4993693	—	a6c75ad7e331aff7
27 to 45 years	51	PMC4993693	—	a6c75ad7e331aff7
ASPIRE / MTN-020	—	https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01617096	—	a6c75ad7e331aff7
ASPIRE / MTN-020	0.732	https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01617096	—	—
HIV-1 seroconversion	—	The title and the stated question, which are the review question. Declared axis by axis so the indirectness comparison is possible at all -- prose cannot be compared axis by axis, and this object refused for exactly that reason.	—	—
The Ring Study / IPM 027	—	https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01539226	—	—
The Ring Study / IPM 027	0.6711	https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01539226	—	—
The Ring Study primary report (Nel et al., 2016)	—	PMID 27959766	—	—
inputs/trials[0]/arms_basis	—	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01539226, results section as submitted	—	—
inputs/trials[0]/counts_by_tier/tiers/external review citing the adjudicated publication	77	An external review citing this trial's adjudicated primary publication. ⚠️ NOT read at source — see `not_held`.	—	—
inputs/trials[0]/counts_by_tier/tiers/registry results	82	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01539226, results as submitted	—	—
inputs/trials[1]/arms_basis	—	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01617096, results section as submitted	—	—
inputs/trials[1]/counts_by_tier/tiers/registry results	71	ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01617096, results as submitted	—	—
results/by_outcome/primary/count_bases/registry_posted_results	—	ClinicalTrials.gov posted results, resultsSection.outcomeMeasuresModule, read 2026-08-30 via API v2.	—	—
results/by_outcome/primary/count_bases/trial_publications	—	Nel A et al, N Engl J Med 2016, PMID 27959766; Baeten JM et al, N Engl J Med 2016, PMID 26900902 / PMC4993693. Counts and person-years read from the published abstracts 2026-08-30.	—	—
results/by_outcome/primary/decision_threshold	—	Declared for this topic from the clinical question, BEFORE the letter was recomputed.	—	—
results/by_outcome/primary/other_outcomes/rows[7]/derived_from	—	ClinicalTrials.gov posted results for NCT01539226, outcome measure “The Incidence of Curable STIs”	—	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01539226/1.3/version	—	ClinicalTrials.gov API v2, resultsSection	—	—
risk_of_bias/regulatory_evidence/by_trial/NCT01617096/1.3/version	—	ClinicalTrials.gov API v2, resultsSection	—	—
search_executed_2026_08_30/sources[0]	—	PubMed (NCBI E-utilities)	—	—
search_executed_2026_08_30/sources[1]	—	Europe PMC	—	—
search_executed_2026_08_30/sources[2]	—	ClinicalTrials.gov API v2	—	—
search_executed_2026_08_30/sources[3]	—	ISRCTN (/api/query, the robots-permitted path)	—	—
search_executed_2026_08_30/sources[4]	—	EU-CTR	—	—
search_executed_2026_08_30/sources[5]	—	DRKS	—	—
trial_identity_check	—	ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 armsInterventionsModule	—	—

Domain	Reading	Levels	Reason
risk of bias	downgraded	-1	Both results are SOME_CONCERNS. D1, D4 and D5 are LOW on read registrations, but D2 and D3 are NO_INFORMATION and on a PrEP trial those are the adherence and attrition domains -- the ones that decide whether an intention-to-treat ring effect reflects the drug or its use.
inconsistency	no downgrade	—	tau-squared is EXACTLY ZERO, Q 0.1535 on 1 df, p = 0.6952, I-squared 0.00%. The two intervals -- 0.6711 (0.4884 to 0.9221) and 0.7320 (0.5442 to 0.9845) -- agree in size and in conclusion. Downgrading here would manufacture a caution the numbers do not support.
indirectness	downgraded	-1	THIS TOPIC IS NAMED FOR ADOLESCENT GIRLS AND YOUNG WOMEN. Both registrations set a MINIMUM ELIGIBILITY AGE OF 18 YEARS (NCT01539226 and NCT01617096, eligibility module, both 18 to 45 years, FEMALE). The object DOES NOT HOLD ENROLLED-AGE DISTRIBUTIONS, so it cannot say whether any adolescent was actually enrolled. The estimate is therefore indirect for people under 18 in the named population, in whom adherence to a vaginal ring is the very thing in question. THE SETTING IS NOT THE PROBLEM: the trials ran in South Africa, Uganda, Malawi and Zimbabwe, which is directly the population of interest by region.
imprecision	no downgrade	—	k = 2. The Hartung-Knapp interval is RR 0.7030 (0.1725 to 2.8655) on t = 12.7062 with 1 df AND IT INCLUDES NO DIFFERENCE, where the unadjusted interval excludes it. A downgrade is warranted on that alone. IT IS NOT APPLIED, and the reason is stated rather than hidden: at k = 2 the t critical value is 12.7062 and ONLY A VERY LARGE EFFECT SURVIVES HARTUNG-KNAPP AT ALL, so the adjusted interval at this k is weak evidence of imprecision in either direction. The rating is left at LOW and the disagreement is disclosed to the reader instead.
publication bias	NOT ASSESSABLE	—	k = 2. A funnel plot and its asymmetry tests have essentially no power below about ten trials (Handbook 13.3.5.4), so this is NOT ASSESSABLE rather than 'undetected'.

Submission readiness: NOT READY

Dapivirine vaginal ring versus placebo ring for HIV prevention in women

Registration and administrative information (PROSPERO field set)

Search — executed, source by source

Search record: search_executed_2026_08_30

Coverage

What this search cannot reach

Bibliographic screen — every record, with its reason

Sources, reported against retrieved

Every screened record, by decision

Candidate search misses — every one named and resolved

The screen was shown to be able to fail

What is still open

Registry screen — every candidate, with its decision

Screening ledger — every record, in this file

Extraction — every datum linked to its source

Outcome primary

Registry extraction — flow, populations, and the arm-code trap

The index means different arms in different modules of one registration

Participant flow and the analysis population

The analysis populations, verbatim

What the posted results answer in RoB 2

Domain 3, derived from the tool's own table and NOT applied

Recompute envelope — the headline against the rows shown

Outcome primary

Two count bases — both pooled, and the headline named

Outcome primary

Harms — both trials, and why they are not pooled

Serious adverse events

Deaths

Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses

Outcome primary — RR 0.703

Risk of bias (RoB-2)

Overall judgement per trial

Inter-assessor agreement

References

Included studies

Regulatory documents

Methods and guidance

Sources

HIV-1 seroconversion

HIV-1 seroconversion

Pooled result

Contributing trials

Does the answer depend on the pooling method?

By age at enrolment

HIV-1 seroconversion

Forest plot

Visual abstract

Risk of bias, both assessors

GOSH

Trial-sequential analysis

Meta-regression

Summary of findings

Reproducibility artifact

Other recorded qualifications

Judgement register — what a harness cannot derive

Outcome primary — 5 of 8 declared, 2 of 8 undeclared

The judgement register — what a harness cannot derive

The judgements, each with its alternative and what that would change

The count

Standing rules — paid once for the corpus, not once per topic

Four readers, one store — and the check that they agree

The check

The one fact table all four are drawn from

Absolute effect at a baseline risk the reader chooses

For a health-technology-assessment body

For a guideline panel

For a clinician

For the public

HIV-1 seroconversion

Certainty of the evidence (GRADE)

Paper

Title

Abstract

Introduction

Methods — search

Methods — synthesis

Results

Risk of bias in the included results