Important: Benford deviation is a screening signal, not proof of fabrication. Low digit counts per review reduce statistical power. Results require expert contextual interpretation.
Reviews
403
Cochrane meta-analyses
Digit Observations
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First-digit entries
First-Digit MAD
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Nigrini Class
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First Digit Distribution
Second Digit Distribution
Mantissa Arc Plot
Polar histogram of log₁₀(|x|) mod 1. Under Benford's Law mantissas are uniform — a perfect circle. Spikes indicate digit clustering.
P-value Caliper Test
Histogram of p-values 0–0.10 in bins of 0.01. Excess in [0.04, 0.05) vs [0.05, 0.06) suggests “nudging” results to significance.
Per-Review Screening Table
Click row to expand • BH-FDR corrected
Specification Sensitivity Analysis
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1,175,056 specification-level digit observations from 394,570 multiverse specifications (theta, SE, p-value). Higher statistical power than the review-level corpus.