{
  "generated_at": "2026-05-14",
  "hardcode_disclosure": [
    {
      "item": "Topic query",
      "reason": "MVP locks a single demo topic so changes in evidence state are auditable.",
      "status": "static"
    },
    {
      "item": "Trial and publication records",
      "reason": "Generated from ClinicalTrials.gov and OpenAlex JSON payloads.",
      "status": "dynamic source-derived"
    },
    {
      "item": "Clinical effect estimates",
      "reason": "No pooled effect is generated until source-backed effect extraction is connected.",
      "status": "not inferred"
    }
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  "publications": [
    {
      "cited_by_count": 422,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw132",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W2344743510",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "hybrid",
      "oa_url": "https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/37/27/2105/24121279/ehw132.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2016-04-29",
      "publication_year": 2016,
      "source": "European Heart Journal",
      "title": "A randomized controlled study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients with worsening chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 2567,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2025845",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W3094429645",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "bronze",
      "oa_url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa2025845?articleTools=true",
      "publication_date": "2020-10-23",
      "publication_year": 2020,
      "source": "New England Journal of Medicine",
      "title": "Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 251,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.121.057983",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W3212342864",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "hybrid",
      "oa_url": "https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057983",
      "publication_date": "2021-11-13",
      "publication_year": 2021,
      "source": "Circulation",
      "title": "Finerenone Reduces Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Analyses From the FIGARO-DKD Trial"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 1129,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab777",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W4206077470",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "hybrid",
      "oa_url": "https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/43/6/474/42497012/ehab777.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2021-11-01",
      "publication_year": 2021,
      "source": "European Heart Journal",
      "title": "Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 1522,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2110956",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W3194763937",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "green",
      "oa_url": "https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/290115527/Cardiovascular_Events_with_Finerenone.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2021-08-28",
      "publication_year": 2021,
      "source": "New England Journal of Medicine",
      "title": "Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 110,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-024-03264-4",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W4402101440",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "hybrid",
      "oa_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03264-4.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2024-09-01",
      "publication_year": 2024,
      "source": "Nature Medicine",
      "title": "Finerenone in heart failure and chronic kidney disease with type 2 diabetes: FINE-HEART pooled analysis of cardiovascular, kidney and mortality outcomes"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 69,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2022.07.013",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W4304759481",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "hybrid",
      "oa_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2022.07.013",
      "publication_date": "2022-10-12",
      "publication_year": 2022,
      "source": "JACC Heart Failure",
      "title": "Finerenone and Heart\u00a0Failure Outcomes by Kidney Function/Albuminuria in Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 90,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.218",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W1652096387",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "green",
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      "publication_date": "2015-02-01",
      "publication_year": 2015,
      "source": "European Journal of Heart Failure",
      "title": "Rationale and Design of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Tolerability Study-Heart Failure (ARTS-HF): A Randomized Study of Finerenone vs. Eplerenone in Patients who have Worsening Chronic Heart Failure with Diabetes and/or Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
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      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa736",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W3093851112",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "bronze",
      "oa_url": "https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-pdf/42/2/152/35926332/ehaa736.pdf",
      "publication_date": "2020-09-01",
      "publication_year": 2020,
      "source": "European Heart Journal",
      "title": "Steroidal and non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in cardiorenal medicine"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 78,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.2015.1059819",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W1904700712",
      "is_oa": false,
      "oa_status": "closed",
      "oa_url": null,
      "publication_date": "2015-06-20",
      "publication_year": 2015,
      "source": "Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs",
      "title": "Finerenone: third-generation mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist for the treatment of heart failure and diabetic kidney disease"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 76,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1253/circj.cj-16-0122",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W2336167206",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "diamond",
      "oa_url": "https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/circj/80/5/80_CJ-16-0122/_pdf",
      "publication_date": "2016-01-01",
      "publication_year": 2016,
      "source": "Circulation Journal",
      "title": "A Randomized Controlled Study of Finerenone vs. Eplerenone in Japanese Patients With Worsening Chronic Heart Failure and Diabetes and/or Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "cited_by_count": 75,
      "doi": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2469",
      "id": "https://openalex.org/W4214897998",
      "is_oa": true,
      "oa_status": "hybrid",
      "oa_url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.2469",
      "publication_date": "2022-03-03",
      "publication_year": 2022,
      "source": "European Journal of Heart Failure",
      "title": "Finerenone in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes with and without heart failure: a prespecified subgroup analysis of the <scp>FIDELIO\u2010DKD</scp> trial"
    }
  ],
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  "source_urls": {
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    "openalex": "https://api.openalex.org/works?search=finerenone+heart+failure+OR+chronic+kidney+disease"
  },
  "summary": {
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    "completed_trials": 13,
    "completed_with_results": 5,
    "completed_without_results": 8,
    "core_trials": 79,
    "meta_ready": true,
    "new_publications_since_anchor": 1,
    "new_trial_updates_since_anchor": 69,
    "oa_publication_candidates": 11,
    "publication_candidates": 12,
    "randomized_trials": 45,
    "registry_references": 315,
    "verdict": "Update watch triggered",
    "verdict_detail": "New registry updates or publication candidates exist after the surveillance anchor. Effect extraction must be reviewed before any pooled estimate is changed."
  },
  "topic": {
    "clinical_question": "Does new open trial or publication evidence require a living meta-analysis update for finerenone in cardiorenal or heart-failure populations?",
    "ctgov_query": "finerenone",
    "included_condition_terms": [
      "heart failure",
      "cardiorenal",
      "kidney",
      "renal",
      "nephropathy",
      "chronic kidney disease",
      "diabetes"
    ],
    "minimum_meta_ready_trials": 2,
    "openalex_query": "finerenone heart failure OR chronic kidney disease",
    "slug": "finerenone-cardiorenal-watch",
    "source_policy": "OA-first metadata; no effect estimates are inferred from abstracts or registry text.",
    "surveillance_anchor": "2024-01-01",
    "title": "Finerenone Cardiorenal Evidence Watch"
  },
  "trials": [
    {
      "completion_date": "2012-07-16",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01345656",
      "enrollment": 457,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2022-02-10",
      "nct_id": "NCT01345656",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change of serum potassium"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Pitt B, Filippatos G, Gheorghiade M, Kober L, Krum H, Ponikowski P, Nowack C, Kolkhof P, Kim SY, Zannad F. Rationale and design of ARTS: a randomized, double-blind study of BAY 94-8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012 Jun;14(6):668-75. doi: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfs061. Epub 2012 May 4.",
          "pmid": "22562554",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Pitt B, Kober L, Ponikowski P, Gheorghiade M, Filippatos G, Krum H, Nowack C, Kolkhof P, Kim SY, Zannad F. Safety and tolerability of the novel non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist BAY 94-8862 in patients with chronic heart failure and mild or moderate chronic kidney disease: a randomized, double-blind trial. Eur Heart J. 2013 Aug;34(31):2453-63. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht187. Epub 2013 May 27.",
          "pmid": "23713082",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Ostrominski JW, Filippatos G, Claggett BL, Miao ZM, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Henderson A, Rohwedder K, Brinker MD, Scalise A, Schloemer P, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Rossing P, Ruilope LM, Anker SD, Pitt B, Agarwal R, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M. Effect of Finerenone on Morbidity and Mortality in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Feb 1;37(2):312-325. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000823. Epub 2025 Sep 12.",
          "pmid": "40938666",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Chung EY, Ruospo M, Natale P, Bolignano D, Navaneethan SD, Palmer SC, Strippoli GF. Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 27;10(10):CD007004. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007004.pub4.",
          "pmid": "33107592",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2011-05-09",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "BAY94-8862 Dose Finding Trial in Subjects With Chronic Heart Failure and Mild (Part A) or Moderate (Part B) Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2013-03-21",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01687920",
      "enrollment": 25,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2022-02-07",
      "nct_id": "NCT01687920",
      "phase": "PHASE1",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Dose proportionality of BAY94-8862 exposure in plasma when given as 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg IR tablets"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2012-09-17",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Dose Proportionality Study With BAY94-8862 IR (Immediate Release) Tablets"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2014-12-09",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01807221",
      "enrollment": 1066,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": true,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2021-07-06",
      "nct_id": "NCT01807221",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Percentage of Participants With a Relative Decrease in NT-proBNP of More Than 30% From Baseline to Day 90"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Filippatos G, Anker SD, Bohm M, Gheorghiade M, Kober L, Krum H, Maggioni AP, Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Zannad F, Kim SY, Nowack C, Palombo G, Kolkhof P, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Pieper A, Pitt B. A randomized controlled study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients with worsening chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jul 14;37(27):2105-14. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw132. Epub 2016 Apr 29.",
          "pmid": "27130705",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Chung EY, Ruospo M, Natale P, Bolignano D, Navaneethan SD, Palmer SC, Strippoli GF. Aldosterone antagonists in addition to renin angiotensin system antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 27;10(10):CD007004. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007004.pub4.",
          "pmid": "33107592",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Pitt B, Anker SD, Bohm M, Gheorghiade M, Kober L, Krum H, Maggioni AP, Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Zannad F, Nowack C, Kim SY, Pieper A, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Filippatos G. Rationale and design of MinerAlocorticoid Receptor antagonist Tolerability Study-Heart Failure (ARTS-HF): a randomized study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients who have worsening chronic heart failure with diabetes and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015 Feb;17(2):224-32. doi: 10.1002/ejhf.218.",
          "pmid": "25678098",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Ostrominski JW, Filippatos G, Claggett BL, Miao ZM, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Henderson A, Rohwedder K, Brinker MD, Scalise A, Schloemer P, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Rossing P, Ruilope LM, Anker SD, Pitt B, Agarwal R, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M. Effect of Finerenone on Morbidity and Mortality in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Feb 1;37(2):312-325. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000823. Epub 2025 Sep 12.",
          "pmid": "40938666",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2013-06-17",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Phase IIb Safety and Efficacy Study of Different Oral Doses of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Worsening Chronic Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Either Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With or Without Chronic Kidney Disease or Chronic Kidney Disease Alone"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2015-02-20",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01955694",
      "enrollment": 72,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2021-07-16",
      "nct_id": "NCT01955694",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "The percentage of subjects with a relative decrease in N-terminal prohormone B-type natriuretic peptide of more than 30% from baseline to Visit 10"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Sato N, Ajioka M, Yamada T, Kato M, Myoishi M, Yamada T, Kim SY, Nowack C, Kolkhof P, Shiga T; ARTS-HF Japan study group. A Randomized Controlled Study of Finerenone vs. Eplerenone in Japanese Patients With Worsening Chronic Heart Failure and Diabetes and/or Chronic Kidney Disease. Circ J. 2016 Apr 25;80(5):1113-22. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-16-0122. Epub 2016 Apr 14.",
          "pmid": "27074824",
          "type": "RESULT"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2013-11-11",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Phase IIb Safety and Efficacy Study of BAY94-8862 in Subjects With Worsening Chronic Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction and Either Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With or Without Chronic Kidney Disease or Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease Alone"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2036-03-01",
      "conditions": [
        "Alport Syndrome",
        "Hereditary Kidney Disease",
        "Pediatric Kidney Disease",
        "Thin Basement Membrane Disease",
        "Familial Benign Hematuria"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02378805",
      "enrollment": 800,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-03-06",
      "nct_id": "NCT02378805",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "age at onset of end stage kidney failure (need for renal replacement therapy)",
        "life-expectancy in years (age at death)",
        "yearly loss of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)",
        "time in years until doubling or tripling of urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Kashtan CE, Gross O. Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alport syndrome in children, adolescents, and young adults-an update for 2020. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021 Mar;36(3):711-719. doi: 10.1007/s00467-020-04819-6. Epub 2020 Nov 6.",
          "pmid": "33159213",
          "type": "BACKGROUND"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Weinstock BA, Feldman DL, Fornoni A, Gross O, Kashtan CE, Lagas S, Lennon R, Miner JH, Rheault MN, Simon JF; Workshop Participants. Clinical trial recommendations for potential Alport syndrome therapies. Kidney Int. 2020 Jun;97(6):1109-1116. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.02.029. Epub 2020 Apr 6.",
          "pmid": "32386680",
          "type": "BACKGROUND"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Temme J, Kramer A, Jager KJ, Lange K, Peters F, Muller GA, Kramar R, Heaf JG, Finne P, Palsson R, Reisaeter AV, Hoitsma AJ, Metcalfe W, Postorino M, Zurriaga O, Santos JP, Ravani P, Jarraya F, Verrina E, Dekker FW, Gross O. Outcomes of male patients with Alport syndrome undergoing renal replacement therapy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012 Dec;7(12):1969-76. doi: 10.2215/CJN.02190312. Epub 2012 Sep 20.",
          "pmid": "22997344",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Temme J, Peters F, Lange K, Pirson Y, Heidet L, Torra R, Grunfeld JP, Weber M, Licht C, Muller GA, Gross O. Incidence of renal failure and nephroprotection by RAAS inhibition in heterozygous carriers of X-chromosomal and autosomal recessive Alport mutations. Kidney Int. 2012 Apr;81(8):779-83. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.452. Epub 2012 Jan 11.",
          "pmid": "22237748",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Gross O, Licht C, Anders HJ, Hoppe B, Beck B, Tonshoff B, Hocker B, Wygoda S, Ehrich JH, Pape L, Konrad M, Rascher W, Dotsch J, Muller-Wiefel DE, Hoyer P; Study Group Members of the Gesellschaft fur Padiatrische Nephrologie; Knebelmann B, Pirson Y, Grunfeld JP, Niaudet P, Cochat P, Heidet L, Lebbah S, Torra R, Friede T, Lange K, Muller GA, Weber M. Early angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in Alport syndrome delays renal failure and improves life expectancy. Kidney Int. 2012 Mar;81(5):494-501. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.407. Epub 2011 Dec 14.",
          "pmid": "22166847",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Stock J, Kuenanz J, Glonke N, Sonntag J, Frese J, Tonshoff B, Hocker B, Hoppe B, Feldkotter M, Pape L, Lerch C, Wygoda S, Weber M, Muller GA, Gross O. Prospective study on the potential of RAAS blockade to halt renal disease in Alport syndrome patients with heterozygous mutations. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017 Jan;32(1):131-137. doi: 10.1007/s00467-016-3452-z. Epub 2016 Jul 11.",
          "pmid": "27402170",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Frese J, Kettwig M, Zappel H, Hofer J, Grone HJ, Nagel M, Sunder-Plassmann G, Kain R, Neuweiler J, Gross O. Kidney Injury by Variants in the COL4A5 Gene Aggravated by Polymorphisms in Slit Diaphragm Genes Causes Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jan 26;20(3):519. doi: 10.3390/ijms20030519.",
          "pmid": "30691124",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Boeckhaus J, Hoefele J, Riedhammer KM, Nagel M, Beck BB, Choi M, Gollasch M, Bergmann C, Sonntag JE, Troesch V, Stock J, Gross O. Lifelong effect of therapy in young patients with the COL4A5 Alport missense variant p.(Gly624Asp): a prospective cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022 Nov 23;37(12):2496-2504. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfac006.",
          "pmid": "35022790",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Zhang Y, Bockhaus J, Wang F, Wang S, Rubel D, Gross O, Ding J. Genotype-phenotype correlations and nephroprotective effects of RAAS inhibition in patients with autosomal recessive Alport syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2021 Sep;36(9):2719-2730. doi: 10.1007/s00467-021-05040-9. Epub 2021 Mar 27.",
          "pmid": "33772369",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Boeckhaus J, Gross O. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitors in Patients with Hereditary Podocytopathies, Alport Syndrome, and FSGS: A Case Series to Better Plan a Large-Scale Study. Cells. 2021 Jul 18;10(7):1815. doi: 10.3390/cells10071815.",
          "pmid": "34359984",
          "type": "RESULT"
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          "citation": "Ostrominski JW, Mc Causland FR, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Schloemer P, Brinker M, Scheerer MF, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M. Finerenone Across the Spectrum of Kidney Risk in Heart Failure: The FINEARTS-HF Trial. JACC Heart Fail. 2026 Jan;14(1):102439. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2025.03.006. Epub 2025 Apr 2.",
          "pmid": "40208137",
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        {
          "citation": "Desai AS, Jhund PS, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Cunningham JW, Pabon MA, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah S, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Amarante F, Lay-Flurrie J, Scheerer MF, Lage A, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Mode of Death in Patients With Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: The FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):678-685. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2025.0860.",
          "pmid": "40159247",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Matsumoto S, Henderson AD, Jhund PS, Bauersachs J, Chioncel O, Claggett BL, Comin-Colet J, Desai AS, Filippatos G, Lam CSP, Pitt B, Scheerer MF, Lay-Flurrie J, Amarante F, Brinker M, Schou M, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Zieroth S, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Finerenone and Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure: A Secondary Analysis of the FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Jul 1;10(7):696-707. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2025.0848.",
          "pmid": "40156827",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "McDowell K, Docherty KF, Campbell RT, Henderson AD, Jhund PS, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Lay-Flurrie J, Hofmeister L, Scalise A, Lam CSP, Petrie MC, Schou M, Senni M, Shah SJ, Udell JA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Finerenone for Heart Failure and Risk Estimated by the PREDICT-HFpEF Model: A Secondary Analysis of FINEARTS-HF. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Jun 1;10(6):535-544. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2025.0025.",
          "pmid": "40042880",
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        },
        {
          "citation": "Cunningham JW, Chatur S, Claggett BL, Vaduganathan M, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Llamas Esperon G, Lam CSP, Sato N, Senni M, Shah S, Voors A, Zannad F, Pitt B, Zieroth S, Brinker M, Rohwedder K, Kim SY, Lay-Flurrie J, Viswanathan P, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Finerenone and Outpatient Worsening Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Secondary Analysis of the FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Feb 26;10(4):370-8. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2025.0016. Online ahead of print.",
          "pmid": "40009358",
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        },
        {
          "citation": "Butt JH, Jhund PS, Henderson AD, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Viswanathan P, Kolkhof P, Schloemer P, Amarante F, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV; FINEARTS-HF Committees and Investigators. Finerenone and new-onset diabetes in heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the FINEARTS-HF trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025 Feb;13(2):107-118. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00309-7. Epub 2025 Jan 13.",
          "pmid": "39818225",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Butt JH, Henderson AD, Jhund PS, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Lay-Flurrie J, Viswanathan P, Lage A, Scheerer MF, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Bauersachs J, Fonseca C, Kosiborod MN, Linssen GCM, Petrie MC, Schou M, Verma S, Zannad F, Pitt B, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Finerenone, Obesity, and Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced/Preserved Ejection Fraction: Prespecified Analysis of FINEARTS-HF. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Jan 21;85(2):140-155. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.10.111. Epub 2024 Dec 10.",
          "pmid": "39665701",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Chimura M, Wang X, Jhund PS, Henderson AD, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Fonseca C, Goncalvesova E, Katova T, Mueller K, Glasauer A, Rohwedder K, Viswanathan P, Nodari S, Lam CSP, Saldarriaga CI, Senni M, Sharma K, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Vardeny O, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Finerenone in Women and Men With Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Secondary Analysis of the FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Jan 1;10(1):59-70. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.4613.",
          "pmid": "39550721",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Vardeny O, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Matsumoto S, Merkely B, Zieroth S, Yilmaz MB, Lay-Flurrie J, Viswanathan P, Horvat-Broecker A, Scalise A, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Finerenone, Serum Potassium, and Clinical Outcomes in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Jan 1;10(1):42-48. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.4539.",
          "pmid": "39550716",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Mc Causland FR, Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Kulac IJ, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Henderson AD, Brinker M, Perkins R, Scheerer MF, Schloemer P, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Finerenone and Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Heart Failure: The FINEARTS-HF Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025 Jan 21;85(2):159-168. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2024.10.091. Epub 2024 Oct 25.",
          "pmid": "39490700",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Docherty KF, Henderson AD, Jhund PS, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Mueller K, Viswanathan P, Scalise A, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Vaduganathan M, Solomon SD, McMurray JJV. Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone Across the Ejection Fraction Spectrum in Heart Failure With Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Prespecified Analysis of the FINEARTS-HF Trial. Circulation. 2025 Jan 7;151(1):45-58. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.072011. Epub 2024 Sep 29.",
          "pmid": "39342512",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Kulac IJ, Miao ZM, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Henderson AD, Brinker M, Lay-Flurrie J, Viswanathan P, Scheerer MF, Lage A, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Effects of the Nonsteroidal MRA Finerenone With and Without Concomitant SGLT2 Inhibitor Use in Heart Failure. Circulation. 2025 Jan 14;151(2):149-158. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.124.072055. Epub 2024 Sep 28.",
          "pmid": "39340828",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Vaduganathan M, Claggett BL, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Pitt B, Borentian M, Lay-Flurrie J, Viswanathan P, Behmenburg FU, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD. Estimated Long-Term Benefits of Finerenone in Heart Failure: A Prespecified Secondary Analysis of the FINEARTS-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2025 Feb 1;10(2):176-181. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2024.3782.",
          "pmid": "39332395",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2020-09-14",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Study to Evaluate the Efficacy (Effect on Disease) and Safety of Finerenone in Participants With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (Proportion of Blood Expelled Per Heart Stroke) Greater or Equal to 40%"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2014-12-08",
      "conditions": [
        "Worsening Chronic Heart Failure",
        "Diabetic Nephropathy"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04881994",
      "enrollment": 27,
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      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2021-07-16",
      "nct_id": "NCT04881994",
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        "Area under the concentration versus time curve from zero to infinity (AUC) of finerenone in plasma",
        "Area under the concentration versus time curve from zero to infinity of unbound finerenone (AUCu) in plasma",
        "Maximum observed drug concentration (Cmax) of finerenone in plasma",
        "Maximum observed drug concentration of unbound finerenone (Cmax,u) in plasma"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Heinig R, Lambelet M, Nagelschmitz J, Alatrach A, Halabi A. Pharmacokinetics of the Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Finerenone (BAY 94-8862) in Individuals with Mild or Moderate Hepatic Impairment. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2019 Oct;44(5):619-628. doi: 10.1007/s13318-019-00547-x.",
          "pmid": "30825073",
          "type": "RESULT"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2014-03-25",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn How Finerenone (BAY94-8862) Moves Into, Through and Out of the Body, How it Affects the Body, and How Safe it is in Adult Participants With Different Degrees of Reduced Liver Function and in Healthy Participants With Similar Age, Weight and Gender Distribution"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2012-01-27",
      "conditions": [
        "Worsening Chronic Heart Failure",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04908436",
      "enrollment": 33,
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      "last_update_posted": "2022-01-28",
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        "Area under the plasma concentration vs time curve from zero to infinity for total (bound and unbound) drug after single dose administration of BAY94-8862 (AUC)",
        "Maximum total (bound and unbound) drug concentration in plasma after single dose administration of BAY94-8862 (Cmax)",
        "AUC for unbound drug (AUCu)",
        "Cmax for unbound drug (Cmax,u)",
        "AUC divided by dose per kg body weight (AUCnorm)",
        "AUCnorm for unbound drug (AUCu,norm)",
        "Cmax divided by dose per body weight (Cmax,norm)",
        "Cmax,norm for unbound drug (Cmax,u,norm)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Heinig R, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Halabi A, Lentini S. Pharmacokinetics of the Novel Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Finerenone (BAY 94-8862) in Individuals With Renal Impairment. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev. 2016 Nov;5(6):488-501. doi: 10.1002/cpdd.263. Epub 2016 Jul 18.",
          "pmid": "27431783",
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      ],
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      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2010-10-27",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn How BAY94-8862 Moves Into, Through and Out of the Body, How Safe it is and How it Affects the Body in Adult Participants With Reduced Kidney Function and in Healthy Participants With Similar Age, Weight and Gender Distribution"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2021-12-31",
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        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
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      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05013008",
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      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
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      "last_update_posted": "2023-09-15",
      "nct_id": "NCT05013008",
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      ],
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      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2021-08-18",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "An add-on Study to the FIGARO-DKD Study Called FIGARO-BM to Learn About the Link Between Biomarkers (Substances in the Blood Used as Indicators of Biological Processes, Disease Processes or Responses to Medication) and Finerenone in FIGARO-DKD Participants"
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    {
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      "conditions": [
        "Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease"
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      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05047263",
      "enrollment": 1584,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-02-13",
      "nct_id": "NCT05047263",
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        "Mean rate of change as measured by the total slope of eGFR from baseline to Month-32."
      ],
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        {
          "citation": "Ostrominski JW, Filippatos G, Claggett BL, Miao ZM, Desai AS, Jhund PS, Henderson A, Rohwedder K, Brinker MD, Scalise A, Schloemer P, Lam CSP, Senni M, Shah SJ, Voors AA, Zannad F, Rossing P, Ruilope LM, Anker SD, Pitt B, Agarwal R, McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Vaduganathan M. Effect of Finerenone on Morbidity and Mortality in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Feb 1;37(2):312-325. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000823. Epub 2025 Sep 12.",
          "pmid": "40938666",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Zachariah T, Radhakrishnan J. Potential Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease and Glomerular Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Nov 1;19(11):1499-1512. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000000000540. Epub 2024 Jul 22.",
          "pmid": "39037799",
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      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2021-09-21",
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      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Trial to Learn How Well Finerenone Works and How Safe it is in Adult Participants With Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease"
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      "completion_date": "2027-08-31",
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        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Proteinuria"
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      "nct_id": "NCT05196035",
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        {
          "citation": "Schaefer F, Montini G, Kang HG, Walle JV, Zaritsky J, Schreuder MF, Litwin M, Scalise A, Scott H, Potts J, Iveli P, Breitenstein S, Warady BA. Investigating the use of finerenone in children with chronic kidney disease and proteinuria: design of the FIONA and open-label extension studies. Trials. 2024 Mar 21;25(1):203. doi: 10.1186/s13063-024-08021-z.",
          "pmid": "38509517",
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      ],
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      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
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      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn More About How Well the Study Treatment Finerenone Works, How Safe it is, How it Moves Into, Through, and Out of the Body, and the Effects it Has on the Body When Taken With an ACE Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease and Proteinuria"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2025-03-14",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05254002",
      "enrollment": 1664,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-03-18",
      "nct_id": "NCT05254002",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Relative change from baseline in UACR at 180 days in combination therapy group versus empagliflozin alone",
        "Relative change from baseline in UACR at 180 days in combination therapy group versus finerenone alone",
        "Mean ratio of change from baseline to Day 180 in UACR for the combination therapy group, to empagliflozin alone",
        "Mean ratio of change from baseline to Day 180 in UACR for the combination therapy group, to finerenone alone"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Agarwal R, Correa-Rotter R, Navaneethan SD, Fukami K, Heerspink HJL, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Mottl AK, Nangaku M, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Vaduganathan M, Scott C, Li L, Aldworth C, Green JB, Weir MR. Acute eGFR Changes and Their Mediation of Albuminuria Reduction with Empagliflozin and Finerenone. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Mar 29. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000001071. Online ahead of print.",
          "pmid": "41905767",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Agarwal R, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, McGill JB, Mottl A, Nangaku M, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Vaduganathan M, Solis-Herrera C, Scott C, Li L, Brinker M, Aldworth C, Mann JFE. Risk of Hyperkalemia With Empagliflozin, Finerenone, or Both: Secondary Analysis of the CONFIDENCE Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2026 Feb 24;87(7):772-784. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2025.10.049. Epub 2025 Nov 7.",
          "pmid": "41493296",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Mottl A, Scott C, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Nangaku M, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Li L, Li N, Vaduganathan M, Agarwal R; CONFIDENCE Trial Investigators. Baseline Kidney Function, Albuminuria, and Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio Reduction with Finerenone, Empagliflozin, or Both: Post Hoc Analyses of CONFIDENCE Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Apr 1;37(4):764-776. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000928. Epub 2025 Nov 6.",
          "pmid": "41196655",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Agarwal R, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Mottl A, Osonoi T, Pal A, Rossing P, Rosenstock J, Vaduganathan M, Li L, Li N, Scott C, Manjrekar P, Yamashita S, Nangaku M. Impact of Simultaneous Initiation of Finerenone and Empagliflozin on Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio in Asia: Pre-Specified Analysis of CONFIDENCE. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Jan 1;21(1):72-82. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000865. Epub 2025 Sep 18.",
          "pmid": "40965042",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Vaduganathan M, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, Kim SG, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Mottl A, Nangaku M, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Li L, Li N, Rohwedder K, Scott C, Agarwal R. Simultaneous initiation of finerenone and empagliflozin across the spectrum of kidney risk in the CONFIDENCE trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2025 Dec 23;41(1):161-170. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaf160.",
          "pmid": "40886054",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Agarwal R, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Mottl AK, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Vaduganathan M, Brinker M, Edfors R, Li N, Scheerer MF, Scott C, Nangaku M; CONFIDENCE Investigators. Finerenone with Empagliflozin in Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2025 Aug 7;393(6):533-543. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2410659. Epub 2025 Jun 5.",
          "pmid": "40470996",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Agarwal R, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Mottl AK, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Vaduganathan M, Brinker M, Edfors R, Li N, Scheerer MF, Scott C, Nangaku M; CONFIDENCE investigators. COmbinatioN effect of FInerenone anD EmpaglifloziN in participants with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes using a UACR Endpoint (CONFIDENCE) trial: baseline clinical characteristics. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2025 Aug 1;40(8):1559-1569. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaf022.",
          "pmid": "39916475",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Rossing P. Experimental Designs for Multicomponent Interventions in Kidney and Cardiometabolic Diseases. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Oct 1;35(10):1438-1441. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000449. Epub 2024 Jul 5. No abstract available.",
          "pmid": "39078403",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Zachariah T, Radhakrishnan J. Potential Role of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Nondiabetic Chronic Kidney Disease and Glomerular Disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Nov 1;19(11):1499-1512. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000000000540. Epub 2024 Jul 22.",
          "pmid": "39037799",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2022-06-23",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn How Well the Treatment Combination of Finerenone and Empagliflozin Works and How Safe it is Compared to Each Treatment Alone in Adult Participants With Long-term Kidney Disease (Chronic Kidney Disease) and Type 2 Diabetes"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-12-15",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05348733",
      "enrollment": 4613,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-05-11",
      "nct_id": "NCT05348733",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics of participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and with type 2 diabetes(T2D).",
        "Descriptive summary of reasons for introducing finerenone.",
        "Descriptive summary of reasons for discontinuation of finerenone.",
        "Planned and actual duration of treatment with finerenone",
        "Planned and actual daily dose of finerenone treatment",
        "Planned and actual frequency of finerenone treatment",
        "Descriptive summary of secondary therapies used in participants with CKD and T2D."
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Mottl A, Scott C, Green JB, Heerspink HJL, Mann JFE, McGill JB, Nangaku M, Rosenstock J, Rossing P, Li L, Li N, Vaduganathan M, Agarwal R; CONFIDENCE Trial Investigators. Baseline Kidney Function, Albuminuria, and Urine Albumin-Creatinine Ratio Reduction with Finerenone, Empagliflozin, or Both: Post Hoc Analyses of CONFIDENCE Trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2026 Apr 1;37(4):764-776. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000928. Epub 2025 Nov 6.",
          "pmid": "41196655",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Desai NR, Navaneethan SD, Nicholas SB, Pantalone KM, Wanner C, Hamacher S, Gay A, Wheeler DC. Design and rationale of FINE-REAL: A prospective study of finerenone in clinical practice. J Diabetes Complications. 2023 Apr;37(4):108411. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108411. Epub 2023 Feb 2.",
          "pmid": "36857997",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2022-06-13",
      "status": "ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "A Study Called FINE-REAL to Learn More About the Use of the Drug Finerenone in a Routine Medical Care Setting"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2029-02-27",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Proteinuria",
        "Children"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05457283",
      "enrollment": 100,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-05-11",
      "nct_id": "NCT05457283",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Number of participants with treatment emergent adverse event (TEAEs)",
        "Change in serum potassium levels from baseline to Day 540\u00b17",
        "Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) from baseline to Day 540\u00b17"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2022-11-08",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn More About How Safe the Study Treatment Finerenone is in Long-term Use When Taken With an ACE Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Over 18 Months of Use in Children and Young Adults From 1 to 18 Years of Age With Chronic Kidney Disease and Proteinuria"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2024-09-05",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05526157",
      "enrollment": 50000,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2024-10-15",
      "nct_id": "NCT05526157",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Descriptive summary of baseline patient characteristics",
        "Descriptive summary of patient comorbidities",
        "Descriptive summary of patient comedications"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Johannes CB, Coleman CI, Kovesdy CP, Khan AM, Ziemiecki R, Layton JB, Vizcaya D, Liu F, Oberprieler NG. Temporal Changes in SGLT2 Inhibitor and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes, 2012-2023: A US Cohort Study. Diabetes Ther. 2026 Feb;17(2):231-250. doi: 10.1007/s13300-025-01825-5. Epub 2025 Dec 9.",
          "pmid": "41364416",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
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      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2022-10-01",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study, Called FINEGUST, to Learn More About How People With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Are Treated and How the Introduction of New Treatment Options, Like Finerenone, Impacts Clinical Practice"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2025-11-18",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05552339",
      "enrollment": 348,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-13",
      "nct_id": "NCT05552339",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Number of patients with Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) values between 30 and 299 mg/g and above 300 mg/g"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
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      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2023-08-18",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "A Study Called SMART-Finder to Look for People With Increased Amounts of Albumin in the Urine (UACR Level) in a Group of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2023-12-20",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05640180",
      "enrollment": 17847,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2024-01-08",
      "nct_id": "NCT05640180",
      "phase": "Not reported",
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        "Time to the first occurrence of the composite endpoint of onset of kidney failure, a sustained decrease of eGFR \u2265 40% from baseline over at least 4 weeks, or renal death",
        "Time to first occurrence of the composite endpoint of Cardiovascular (CV) death or non-fatal CV event (i.e. myocardial infarction, stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2022-11-23",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study Called FLAMINgO to Learn More About the Treatment Combination of Finerenone and SGLT2 Inhibitors in People With Long-term Kidney Disease (Chronic Kidney Disease) Together With Type 2 Diabetes by Using Routine Medical Care Data and Past Clinical Study Results"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2024-10-01",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05703880",
      "enrollment": 15948,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2024-10-18",
      "nct_id": "NCT05703880",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Descriptive summary of characteristics of patients who initiate finerenone and have CKD and T2D in the US.",
        "Descriptive summary of comorbidities of patients who initiate finerenone and have CKD and T2D in the US.",
        "Descriptive summary of comedications of patients who initiate finerenone and have CKD and T2D in the US."
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Vizcaya D, Kovesdy CP, Reyes A, Pessina E, Pujol P, James G, Oberprieler NG. Characteristics of patients with chronic kidney disease and Type 2 diabetes initiating finerenone in the USA: a multi-database, cross-sectional study. J Comp Eff Res. 2023 Aug;12(8):e230076. doi: 10.57264/cer-2023-0076. Epub 2023 Jun 30.",
          "pmid": "37387399",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2023-06-01",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study Called FIRST-2.0 to Learn More About the Use of the Study Treatment Finerenone Including How Safe it is and How Well it Works Under Real-world Conditions"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2025-07-03",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05705271",
      "enrollment": 200,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-07-09",
      "nct_id": "NCT05705271",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
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        "Number of participants with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and treatment-emergent serious adverse events (TESAEs)",
        "Number of participants with hyperkalemia events"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2023-02-08",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn How Safe the Study Drug Finerenone is and How Well it Works in Indian People With Long-term Decrease in the Kidneys' Ability to Work Properly (Chronic Kidney Disease) Together With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2029-09",
      "conditions": [
        "Acute Kidney Injury"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05806645",
      "enrollment": 6046,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-07",
      "nct_id": "NCT05806645",
      "phase": "NA",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Primary effectiveness outcome"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "University of Alberta",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-02-12",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "UPTAKE: Using Personalized Risk and Digital Tools to Guide Transitions Following Acute Kidney Events"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-07-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 2 Diabetes",
        "Chronic Kidney Diseases"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05887817",
      "enrollment": 100,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2024-02-07",
      "nct_id": "NCT05887817",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in CAVI"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Tanaka A, Shibata H, Imai T, Yoshida H, Miyazono M, Takahashi N, Fukuda D, Okada Y, Teragawa H, Suwa S, Kida K, Moroi M, Taguchi I, Toyoda S, Shimabukuro M, Tanabe K, Tanaka K, Nangaku M, Node K; FIVE-STAR trial investigators. Rationale and design of an investigator-initiated, multicenter, prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial to evaluate the effects of finerenone on vascular stiffness and cardiorenal biomarkers in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (FIVE-STAR). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023 Jul 31;22(1):194. doi: 10.1186/s12933-023-01928-y.",
          "pmid": "37525257",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Saga University",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2023-09-07",
      "status": "ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Effects of Finerenone on Vascular Stiffness and Cardiorenal Biomarkers in T2D and CKD (FIVE-STAR)"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2024-09-23",
      "conditions": [
        "Diabetic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05897372",
      "enrollment": 1,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2024-09-25",
      "nct_id": "NCT05897372",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "urine albumin/creatinin-ratio (UACR) reduction to less than 50% of baseline"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Iain Bressendorff",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2023-08-01",
      "status": "TERMINATED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Feasibility of Aggressive Albuminuria Reduction in Biopsy-Proven Diabetic Nephropathy - a Pilot Study"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2025-09-15",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05901831",
      "enrollment": 241,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-10-21",
      "nct_id": "NCT05901831",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Heerspink HJL, Birkenfeld AL, Cherney DZI, Colhoun HM, Groop PH, Ji L, Jongs N, Mathieu C, Pratley RE, Rosas SE, Rossing P, Skyler JS, Tuttle KR, Lawatscheck R, Brinker M, Scheerer MF, Russell J, Schloemer P, McGill JB; FINE-ONE Investigators. Finerenone in Type 1 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease. N Engl J Med. 2026 Mar 5;394(10):947-957. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2512854.",
          "pmid": "41780000",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Kugathasan L, Aronson Y, Sridhar VS, Ni H, Ouimet JP, Limonte CP, Sarma S, Cherney DZI. Advancing kidney protection in type 1 diabetes: insights from emerging therapies in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2025 Aug;21(8):1113-1134. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2025.2537446. Epub 2025 Jul 24.",
          "pmid": "40693871",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Heerspink HJL, Birkenfeld AL, Cherney DZI, Colhoun HM, Ji L, Mathieu C, Groop PH, Pratley RE, Rosas SE, Rossing P, Skyler JS, Tuttle KR, Lawatscheck R, Scott C, Edfors R, Scheerer MF, Kolkhof P, McGill JB. Rationale and design of a randomised phase III registration trial investigating finerenone in participants with type 1 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: The FINE-ONE trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2023 Oct;204:110908. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110908. Epub 2023 Oct 5.",
          "pmid": "37805000",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2024-02-26",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn How Well the Study Treatment Finerenone Works and How Safe it is in People With Long-term Decrease in the Kidneys' Ability to Work Properly (Chronic Kidney Disease) Together With Type 1 Diabetes"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2023-09-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Diseases"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05953701",
      "enrollment": 800211,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-03-19",
      "nct_id": "NCT05953701",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Percentage of patients with diagnosed CKD",
        "Percentage of patients with undiagnosed CKD",
        "Percentage of patients with undiagnosed or diagnosed CKD",
        "Percentage of patients that fulfil CKD definition according to KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "AstraZeneca",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2023-07-26",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "Secondary Data Analysis of Patients at Risk for CKD to Inspect CKD Prevalence, Diagnosis Rates, Diagnostic Behaviour, Treatment Patterns and Patient Characteristics"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2023-10-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction",
        "Diabetes Mellitus",
        "Diabetic Nephropathies"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05974566",
      "enrollment": 60,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2023-08-03",
      "nct_id": "NCT05974566",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Bakris GL, Rossing P, Joseph A, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Schloemer P, Ruilope LM; FIGARO-DKD Investigators. Cardiovascular Events with Finerenone in Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021 Dec 9;385(24):2252-2263. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2110956. Epub 2021 Aug 28.",
          "pmid": "34449181",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Pitt B, Ruilope LM, Rossing P, Kolkhof P, Nowack C, Schloemer P, Joseph A, Filippatos G; FIDELIO-DKD Investigators. Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 3;383(23):2219-2229. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2025845. Epub 2020 Oct 23.",
          "pmid": "33264825",
          "type": "RESULT"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Filippatos G, Anker SD, Bohm M, Gheorghiade M, Kober L, Krum H, Maggioni AP, Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Zannad F, Kim SY, Nowack C, Palombo G, Kolkhof P, Kimmeskamp-Kirschbaum N, Pieper A, Pitt B. A randomized controlled study of finerenone vs. eplerenone in patients with worsening chronic heart failure and diabetes mellitus and/or chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J. 2016 Jul 14;37(27):2105-14. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw132. Epub 2016 Apr 29.",
          "pmid": "27130705",
          "type": "RESULT"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Chongqing Medical University",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2023-08-01",
      "status": "UNKNOWN",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2027-12",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure",
        "Acute Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06008197",
      "enrollment": 5200,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-05-06",
      "nct_id": "NCT06008197",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Composite of total HF events and cardiovascular (CV) death.",
        "Number of serious adverse events.",
        "Number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of study drug."
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Colorado Prevention Center",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2024-01-17",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone on Morbidity and Mortality Among Hospitalized Heart Failure Patients"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-08",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06024746",
      "enrollment": 1500,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-03-11",
      "nct_id": "NCT06024746",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Clinical benefit",
        "Number of serious adverse events (AEs).",
        "Number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of study drug."
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Colorado Prevention Center",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2024-07-09",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone and SGLT2i in Combination in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure (CONFIRMATION-HF)"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2028-04",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06033950",
      "enrollment": 2600,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-03-11",
      "nct_id": "NCT06033950",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Time to first occurrence of cardiovascular (CV) death or HF event.",
        "Number of serious adverse events",
        "Number of adverse events leading to discontinuation of study drug."
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Colorado Prevention Center",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2024-08-20",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Evaluate Finerenone on Clinical Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Heart Failure Who Are Intolerant or Not Eligible for Treatment with Steroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2029-03-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Diseases"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06058585",
      "enrollment": 1000,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-01",
      "nct_id": "NCT06058585",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "eGFR slope"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Kotwal SS, Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Kim D, Shah NA, Lin E, Coggan S, Billot L, Vart P, Wheeler DC, de Boer IH, Zhang H, Hou FF, Sugawara Y, Marion J, Lewis RJ, Berry LR, McGlothlin A, Jha V, De Nicola L, Gorriz JL, Heerspink HJL; GKPTN and CAPTIVATE Investigators. The Global Kidney Patient Trials Network and the CAPTIVATE Platform Clinical Trial Design: A Trial Protocol. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Dec 2;7(12):e2449998. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.49998.",
          "pmid": "39661388",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Heerspink HJL, Kretzler M. Clinical Trials for Kidney Disease in the Era of Personalized Medicine. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2024 Aug 1;35(8):1123-1126. doi: 10.1681/ASN.0000000000000412. Epub 2024 May 9. No abstract available.",
          "pmid": "39248631",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "The George Institute",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2024-09-04",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "The Chronic Kidney Disease Adaptive Platform Trial Investigating Various Agents for Therapeutic Effect"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2027-12-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Kidney Transplant; Complications"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06059664",
      "enrollment": 100,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-14",
      "nct_id": "NCT06059664",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Feasibility of recruitment to the main clinical trial: Total number of participants who were eligible and enrolled in the main clinical trial",
        "Feasibility of recruitment to the kidney biopsy substudy: Total number of participants who were eligible and enrolled in the kidney biopsy substudy"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Wolfe RA, Ashby VB, Milford EL, Ojo AO, Ettenger RE, Agodoa LY, Held PJ, Port FK. Comparison of mortality in all patients on dialysis, patients on dialysis awaiting transplantation, and recipients of a first cadaveric transplant. N Engl J Med. 1999 Dec 2;341(23):1725-30. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199912023412303.",
          "pmid": "10580071",
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "NT-ProBNP-based Heart Failure Screening and Prevention Trial in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: STRONG-DM Study"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-06-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06608212",
      "enrollment": 150000,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-13",
      "nct_id": "NCT06608212",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Time to the first occurrence of composite cardiovascular outcome"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2024-10-09",
      "status": "ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study to Learn More About How Safe Finerenone is and How Well it Works in People With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Routine Medical Care in the United States"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-12-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06727409",
      "enrollment": 82,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-03-05",
      "nct_id": "NCT06727409",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in urine albumin creatinine ratio (uACR)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Chinese University of Hong Kong",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2024-12-12",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Use of Clinical-trials and Simulation Models to Estimate Cost-effectiveness of Non-steroidal Mineralocorticoid Antagonists, RASi and SGLT2i as Triple Therapy With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-06-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06763146",
      "enrollment": 1200,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-13",
      "nct_id": "NCT06763146",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Descriptive summary of specialty of prescribing physician",
        "Date of finerenone initiation",
        "If patient was receiving finerenone at the time of each follow-up visit (Yes/No)",
        "Date of discontinuation of finerenone",
        "Reason for discontinuation of finerenone",
        "Dose of finerenone treatment",
        "Frequency of finerenone treatment",
        "The number of patients who initiated finerenone with a 10-mg dose and 20-mg dose",
        "The proportion of patients who initiated finerenone with a 10-mg dose and have up-titrated to a 20-mg dose",
        "The proportion of patients who initiated finerenone with a 20-mg dose and have down-titrated to a 10-mg dose",
        "Actions taken after finerenone introduction",
        "Actions taken after stop finerenone prescription"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2025-09-22",
      "status": "ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study to Learn More About How Safe Finerenone is and How Well it Works in Indian People With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in Routine Medical Practice"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2025-10-01",
      "conditions": [
        "Renal Cell Carcinoma (Kidney Cancer)",
        "Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)",
        "Nephrectomy",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD)"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06818305",
      "enrollment": 10,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-12-11",
      "nct_id": "NCT06818305",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "The incidence of CKD stage 3b (eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73m\u00b2) at 1 year post-surgery"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Jinling Hospital, China",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-01-01",
      "status": "TERMINATED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone and Empagliflozin in Delaying Renal Function Progression After Radical Nephrectomy in High-Risk CKD Patients: A Multicenter RCT"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-12-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Renal Function"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06838416",
      "enrollment": 300,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-04-04",
      "nct_id": "NCT06838416",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in Urine Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio (UACR)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2023-11-17",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "Evaluation of the Effect of Finerenone on Renal Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2028-01",
      "conditions": [
        "Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy",
        "Type 2 Diabetes",
        "Diabetic Neuropathies"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06906081",
      "enrollment": 100,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-05-25",
      "nct_id": "NCT06906081",
      "phase": "PHASE2",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Between-group (finerenone vs. placebo) difference in changes on the CART E/I ratio"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Bitsch Poulsen M, Okdahl T, Buciek JH, Drewes AM, Karlsson P, Ahluwalia TS, Brock B, Brock C, Rossing P, Hansen CS. Protocol for the FibroCAN study: a randomised controlled trial of finerenone treatment for early-stage cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open. 2025 Oct 23;15(10):e101074. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-101074.",
          "pmid": "41130701",
          "type": "DERIVED"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Peter Rossing",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-05-02",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Finerenone Treatment for Diabetic Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy: the FibroCAN Study"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2027-05-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 2 DM",
        "Type 2 DM /Diabetic Nephropathy",
        "Albuminuria"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06954090",
      "enrollment": 50,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-12-22",
      "nct_id": "NCT06954090",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Proteomic feasibility",
        "Evaluation of medical treatment"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-11-20",
      "status": "ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Urinary Proteomics to Guide Early Intervention to Prevent Complications in Type 2 Diabetes - a Feasibility Study"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2028-04-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease Due to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus",
        "Cardiovascular Diseases"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07026539",
      "enrollment": 80,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-06-24",
      "nct_id": "NCT07026539",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in left ventricular mass measured by non-contrast cardiac MRI of the heart",
        "Change in albuminuria measured by a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in morning spot urine samples (first morning voids)."
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "University of Aarhus",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2024-10-23",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Effect of Treatment With Finerenone on Cardio-Renal Target Organ Damage in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes."
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-05-21",
      "conditions": [
        "IgA Nephropathy (IgAN)"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07056595",
      "enrollment": 30,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-07-09",
      "nct_id": "NCT07056595",
      "phase": "NA",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Median change in albuminuria from baseline"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Botkin Hospital",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-05-21",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Finerenone in Patients With IgA-nephropathy: Prospective Interventional Trial"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2023-07-28",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure With Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Greater Than or Equal to 40 Per Cent",
        "Healthy Volunteers"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07116512",
      "enrollment": 60,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-08-11",
      "nct_id": "NCT07116512",
      "phase": "PHASE1",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Cmax for plasma finerenone concentration",
        "AUC(0-tlast) for plasma finerenone concentration"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2023-05-02",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Compare How Much of the Study Treatment Finerenone Gets Into the Blood When the Same Amount is Taken in One and in Two Tablets of Different Strengths in Healthy Male Participants"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2026-02-28",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07124039",
      "enrollment": 6537,
      "enrollment_type": "ACTUAL",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-14",
      "nct_id": "NCT07124039",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Descriptive summary of characteristics of patients who initiate finerenone and have CKD and T2D in China.",
        "Descriptive summary of comorbidities of patients who initiate finerenone and have CKD and T2D in China.",
        "Descriptive summary of comedications of patients who initiate finerenone and have CKD and T2D in China."
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2025-07-16",
      "status": "COMPLETED",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study Called FIRST-2.0 China to Learn More About the Use of the Study Treatment Finerenone Including How Safe it is and How Well it Works Under Real-world Conditions in a Chinese Population."
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2027-08",
      "conditions": [
        "Diabetic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07155694",
      "enrollment": 30,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-09-04",
      "nct_id": "NCT07155694",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Urine Exosome Assay"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Washington D.C. Veterans Affairs Medical Center",
      "sponsor_class": "FED",
      "start_date": "2025-09",
      "status": "NOT_YET_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Role of Finerenone in African American Veterans With Diabetic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2027-12-31",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07181135",
      "enrollment": 180,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-14",
      "nct_id": "NCT07181135",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "University Medical Center Groningen",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2026-03-13",
      "status": "ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "FINE-START: Efficacy and Safety of Finerenone in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease Not Using Renin-angiotensin-system Inhibitors"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2029-12-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction",
        "Heart Failure (Pediatric)"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07188805",
      "enrollment": 111,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-17",
      "nct_id": "NCT07188805",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Change in NT-proBNP levels"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2025-11-19",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn More About How Well Finerenone Works, How Safe it is, and How it Moves Into, Through, and Out of the Body Compared to Placebo When Taken With Standard Treatment in Children With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2030-12-30",
      "conditions": [
        "Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction",
        "Heart Failure (Pediatric)"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07192952",
      "enrollment": 117,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-17",
      "nct_id": "NCT07192952",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Number of participants with treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs)",
        "Change in serum potassium levels",
        "Change in systolic blood pressure (SBP)",
        "Change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2026-06-01",
      "status": "NOT_YET_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Study to Learn More About How Safe Finerenone is, When it is Taken for a Longer Time With Standard Treatment, in Children and Young Adults With Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2028-01-28",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease",
        "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07232537",
      "enrollment": 500,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-04-17",
      "nct_id": "NCT07232537",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Descriptive analysis of clinical characteristics of participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and with type 2 diabetes (T2D)",
        "Descriptive summary of reasons for introducing finerenone",
        "Descriptive summary of reasons for discontinuation of finerenone",
        "Planned and actual duration of treatment with finerenone",
        "Planned and actual dosing of finerenone",
        "Descriptive summary of secondary therapies used in participants with CKD and T2D"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Bayer",
      "sponsor_class": "INDUSTRY",
      "start_date": "2025-11-20",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "An Observational Study Called FINE-REAL Korea to Learn More About the Use of the Drug Finerenone in People With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes in a Routine Medical Care Setting in South Korea"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2027-03-20",
      "conditions": [
        "Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness",
        "Chronic Kidney Disease"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07235891",
      "enrollment": 40,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-11-19",
      "nct_id": "NCT07235891",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Retinal protection"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Alexandria University",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-11-20",
      "status": "NOT_YET_RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "Retinal Protective Effects of Novel Finerenone in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2028-06",
      "conditions": [
        "Chronic Kidney Disease(CKD)"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07239570",
      "enrollment": 125,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-11-20",
      "nct_id": "NCT07239570",
      "phase": "PHASE4",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Chronic eGFR slope"
      ],
      "registry_references": [],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "Peter Rossing",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-06-20",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "INTERVENTIONAL",
      "title": "A Biomarker-targeted Clinical Trial to Optimize Treatment for Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2028-12",
      "conditions": [
        "Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07270172",
      "enrollment": 40,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": false,
      "last_update_posted": "2026-02-02",
      "nct_id": "NCT07270172",
      "phase": "Not reported",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Myocardial oxygen consumption",
        "Renal oxygen consumption"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Stougaard EB, Andersen MR, Bagger JI, Sondergaard E, Ostergaard JA, Curovic VR, Persson F, Almdal T, Mathiesen AS, Andries A, Bohl M, Norgaard LJ, Dejgaard TF, Dorfinger GH, Gustenhoff P, Gaede PH, Hamid YH, Johannesen HL, Juhl CB, Jorgensen ME, Kielgast U, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A, Lindhardt M, Mortensen LS, Thomsen HH, Stidsen J, Sorensen LP, Urhammer S, Rossing P; Steno 1 Study Group. The Steno 1 study: Multifactorial intervention to reduce cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes-rationale and protocol of the prospective, randomized, open-labelled multicentre study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025 Oct;27(10):5432-5443. doi: 10.1111/dom.16606. Epub 2025 Jul 29.",
          "pmid": "40726451",
          "type": "RESULT"
        }
      ],
      "relevance": "core",
      "sponsor": "University of Aarhus",
      "sponsor_class": "OTHER",
      "start_date": "2025-10-27",
      "status": "RECRUITING",
      "study_type": "OBSERVATIONAL",
      "title": "The MICRON Study - A Steno 1 Substudy"
    },
    {
      "completion_date": "2030-12",
      "conditions": [
        "Heart Failure"
      ],
      "ctgov_url": "https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07270367",
      "enrollment": 156,
      "enrollment_type": "ESTIMATED",
      "has_results": false,
      "is_randomized": true,
      "last_update_posted": "2025-12-08",
      "nct_id": "NCT07270367",
      "phase": "PHASE3",
      "primary_outcomes": [
        "Left ventricular mass indexed to baseline body surface area (LVMi)"
      ],
      "registry_references": [
        {
          "citation": "Wang Y, Zhou R, Lu C, Chen Q, Xu T, Li D. Effects of the Angiotensin-Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor on Cardiac Reverse Remodeling: Meta-Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019 Jul 2;8(13):e012272. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.012272. Epub 2019 Jun 26.",
          "pmid": "31240976",
          "type": "BACKGROUND"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Santos-Gallego CG, Vargas-Delgado AP, Requena-Ibanez JA, Garcia-Ropero A, Mancini D, Pinney S, Macaluso F, Sartori S, Roque M, Sabatel-Perez F, Rodriguez-Cordero A, Zafar MU, Fergus I, Atallah-Lajam F, Contreras JP, Varley C, Moreno PR, Abascal VM, Lala A, Tamler R, Sanz J, Fuster V, Badimon JJ; EMPA-TROPISM (ATRU-4) Investigators. Randomized Trial of Empagliflozin in Nondiabetic Patients With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Jan 26;77(3):243-255. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.008. Epub 2020 Nov 13.",
          "pmid": "33197559",
          "type": "BACKGROUND"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Kasama S, Toyama T, Sumino H, Matsumoto N, Sato Y, Kumakura H, Takayama Y, Ichikawa S, Suzuki T, Kurabayashi M. Additive effects of spironolactone and candesartan on cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodeling in patients with congestive heart failure. J Nucl Med. 2007 Dec;48(12):1993-2000. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.107.045427. Epub 2007 Nov 15.",
          "pmid": "18006623",
          "type": "BACKGROUND"
        },
        {
          "citation": "Dorr K, Kammerlander A, Lauriero F, Lorenz M, Marculescu R, Beitzke D. Effect of etelcalcetide versus alfacalcidol on left ventricular function and feature-tracking cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in hemodialysis-a post-hoc analysis of a randomized, controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2023 Nov 6;25(1):62. doi: 10.1186/s12968-023-00975-4.",
          "pmid": "37932788",
          "type": "BACKGROUND"
        },
        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
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        {
          "citation": "Kovesdy CP. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int Suppl (2011). 2022 Apr;12(1):7-11. doi: 10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.003. Epub 2022 Mar 18.",
          "pmid": "35529086",
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        },
        {
          "citation": "Dalrymple LS, Katz R, Kestenbaum B, Shlipak MG, Sarnak MJ, Stehman-Breen C, Seliger S, Siscovick D, Newman AB, Fried L. Chronic kidney disease and the risk of end-stage renal disease versus death. J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Apr;26(4):379-85. doi: 10.1007/s11606-010-1511-x. Epub 2010 Sep 19.",
          "pmid": "20853156",
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        },
        {
          "citation": "Collins AJ, Li S, Gilbertson DT, Liu J, Chen SC, Herzog CA. Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease in the Medicare population. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003 Nov;(87):S24-31. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.64.s87.5.x.",
          "pmid": "14531770",
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        },
        {
          "citation": "Khan MS, Rashid AM, Shafi T, Rangaswami J, Cherney DZI, Butler J. Residual Risk of Adverse Kidney and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2025 Mar 1;20(3):451-454. doi: 10.2215/CJN.0000000588. Epub 2024 Dec 17. No abstract available.",
          "pmid": "39688924",
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          "citation": "Piazza G, Hurwitz S, Galvin CE, Harrigan L, Baklla S, Hohlfelder B, Carroll B, Landman AB, Emani S, Goldhaber SZ. Alert-based computerized decision support for high-risk hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation not prescribed anticoagulation: a randomized, controlled trial (AF-ALERT). Eur Heart J. 2020 Mar 7;41(10):1086-1096. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz385.",
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        {
          "citation": "Rehan M, Raizman JE, Cavalier E, Don-Wauchope AC, Holmes DT. Laboratory challenges in primary aldosteronism screening and diagnosis. Clin Biochem. 2015 Apr;48(6):377-87. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.01.003. Epub 2015 Jan 22.",
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